Transcript Global Responses to the Rise of the West

Global Responses to the
Rise of the West
AP World History
History of Imperialism
World in 1900
British Empire in 1900
“The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire”
Dutch Empire
German Empire in 1914
India “The Jewel in the Crown”
 1661 1st British trade center at Bombay
 1690 British establish center at Calcutta
 1707 Start of Mughal decline
 1756-1763 Seven Years’ War
 British East India Co. uses sepoys
 1857 Sepoy Rebellion
 1858 Beginning of the British Raj
Indian Resistance to British Rule
 Reforms
 Ram Mohan Roy
 Cooperation
 Indian National Congress
(1885)
 Nationalism
 Radical movement centered
on Hinduism
 Called for independence and
revolts
 Paved path for Gandhi, etc.
Ram Mohan Roy
Impact of British rule in India
 Positive:
 Western education
 Social reforms
 Keep the caste system
 Technology
 Railroads
 Telegraph lines
 Brought into the global
market economy
 Negative:
 Move towards cash crops lead
to famines
 Drain India of resources
 Taxes used to pay for army
and generous salaries for
administrators
 Increase in chronic poverty
British Railways in India
Left: the Darjeeling Express
Above: Queen Victoria station
Famine in India 1877
French Empire
Light Blue: 1st French colonial empire; Dark Blue: 2nd French colonial empire
French in Vietnam
 1600s Jesuit priests arrive in Vietnam; French trade with
Vietnam follows
 1802
French help Gia Long unite Vietnam
 1820-1841 Minh Mang replaces Gia Long and begins to
persecute Christians
 Persecutions plus pressures in Europe provided justification
for French conquest
 By 1890s France controlled Vietnam (later would add
Cambodia and Laos)
Vietnamese Resistance
 Guerrilla warfare –
“Save the King
Movement”
 Vietnamese
Nationalist Party
(VNQDD)
 Fail to create mass
movement
 Replaced by
Communist Party of
Vietnam (Viet Minh)
Dominated by Ho Chi
Minh
Bastille Day in Vietnam
Imperialism in Africa
Left: Africa in 1878
Right: Africa in 1914
Berlin Conference (1884-1885)
British Imperialism in South Africa
 1652 1st Dutch settlement at Cape Town
 1815 British annex Cape Town
 1830 Boers begin Great Trek
 1867 Diamonds discovered in Orange Free
 1885 Gold discovered in Transvaal
 1899-1902 Boer Wars
State
Images of Britain in Africa
British Imperialism in Egypt
 1798 Invasion of Egypt by Napoleon
 1805 Muhammad Ali and his successors modernize Egypt
 Borrow heavily from England and France
 Build Suez Canal
 1882 Nationalist uprisings threaten Egyptian government
 Egypt becomes a protectorate of Great Britain
Suez Canal
Egyptian Responses
 Reforms
 Muhammad Ali
 Nationalism
 Arabs see British control of Egypt as double
colonization
 Dinshawi incident (1906)
 Islamic Fundamentalism
 Mahdi
Legacy of the Mahdi
Mahdi army of Muqtada al-Sadr in Iraq
Ottoman Empire in the 19th c.
 Called the “Sick Man of Europe”
 Why? Just a few examples…
 Power struggles between government, religious
experts, Janissaries, and other elites
 Ayan (landlords) skimmed tax revenue
 Import of European manufactures caused a
decline in the artisan class
 Empire became economically dependent on
Europe
 External threats from Egypt, Austria-Hungary,
Russia, and Balkan nationalism
Greece gained its independence in 1830
Ottoman Territorial Losses
Ottoman Reforms
 Early reforms of Selim III (1789-1807) resisted by Janissaries
 Janissaries slaughtered by Mahmud II in 1826
 Tanzimat Reforms
 Modernize military and bureaucracy
 University education focusing on math & science
 Western technology (telegraphs, railroads, etc.)
 Constitution of 1876
 Few changes for lower class & women
Resistance to Reforms & Revolt
 Religious conservatives
 Ulama
 Individual sultans
 Abdul Hamid (1878-1908)
 Overthrown in 1908
 Ottoman Society for Union Progress
 “Young Turks”—Nationalism
 Establish a parliamentary system
 Led Ottoman Empire into WWI
The Qing Dynasty (1644-1912)
 Founded by a Manchu warlord
 Traditional Chinese dynasty
 Qing Golden Age
 Kangxi (1662-1722)
 Yongzheng (1722-1735)
 Qianlong (1735-1796)
 Dynasty in declines after the death of Qianlong
 White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804)
China: Decline of a Civilization
 Internal Breakdown
 Opium War
 Taiping Rebellion
 Self-Strengthening Movement
 Failure of Force
 Sino-Japanese War
 Boxer Rebellion
 Chinese Revolution of 1912
The 1st Opium War (1839-1842)
The 1st Opium War (1839-1842)
The 1st Opium War (1839-1842)
Lin Zexu destroying opium. In the summer of 1939, Lin Zexu confiscated
and destroyed 2.6 million pounds of opium. It took 500 laborers 22 days to
destroy all of the opium.
The 1st Opium War (1839-1842)
Legacy of the Opium War
 “Unequal Treaties”
 Opens 5 ports to
trade with Britain
 British gain control
of Hong Kong
 British gain
extraterritoriality
 Does NOT address
sale of opium
Chinese hero, Lin Zexu
Causes of the Taiping Rebellion
 Anti-Manchu sentiment
 Strongest among southern
laborers who were mostly
Han Chinese
 Caused by a myriad of
problems
Natural disasters, economic
collapse, government
corruption and the defeat
in the Opium War
 Leadership of Hong
Xiuquan
 Brother of Jesus?
Statue of Taiping leader Hong
Xiuquan
Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)
Hong Xiuquan’s army was able to seize 44 Chinese cities including
the Southern capital of Nanjing (picture above).
Aftermath of the Taiping
Rebellion
 Self-Strengthening
Movement
 Modernize the army
 Improve infrastructure
 Relied on foreign
investment
 Resisted by NeoConfucian scholars and
Dowager Empress Cixi
(1861-1908)
 Sino-Japanese War
(1894-1895)
Dowager Empress Cixi, “the
Dragon Lady”
Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895
Western Spheres of Influence
Boxer Rebellion (1900)
Fall of the Qing Dynasty
 Death of Dowager Cixi
 Sun Yat-sen’s 3 Principles
of the People
 Nationalism, Democracy,
and People’s Welfare
 Qing falls in 1912
 End of the imperial system
Sun Yat-sen
 Replaced by the Republic
of China
 Sun Yat-sen named 1st
president
Decline of Tokugawa Shogunate
 By early 19th century, Japanese society was in turmoil
 Declining agricultural productivity
 Harsh taxes on peasants
 Periodic crop failures, famine, and starvation
 Samurai and daimyo are in debt to merchants
 Some Positives
 Highest literacy rate outside of the West
Challenge of the West
 Arrival of Matthew
Perry (1853)
 Unequal Treaties
Similar to the treaties
signed by the Qing
dynasty
 Perry’s “Black Ships”
steam into Tokyo Bay
 Force the Japanese to
establish trade and
diplomatic relations
with the U.S.
Japanese depiction of Admiral
Matthew Perry
Internal Conflict
 Shogunate’s deals with West viewed as dishonorable
 Popular slogan: “Revere the emperor, expel the barbarians”
 Demands for reform include lowering rice prices & expulsion
of foreign “barbarians”
 Revolution?
 Two minor wars between supporters of emperor and supporters
of the shogun
 January 3, 1868, the last shogun abdicated and the shogunate
was destroyed
Modernization: Meiji Restoration
 Abolish feudal order
 Daimyo removed from power
 Samurai class is abolished
 Constitutional government
 Constitution of 1889 establishes constitutional monarchy with
legislature
 Emperor commanded armed forces, named prime minister, and
appoint the cabinet
 Suffrage limited—only 5% could vote in 1890
New Meiji Government
Left: Structure of Meiji
Government; Below:
Mutsuhito, the Meiji
Emperor
Modernization: Meiji Restoration
 Japanese industrialization
 Modernize the military, transportation, communication,
education, etc.
 Creation of zaibatsu
 Combination of state initiative and private investment
 Consolidates economic power into the hands of a few powerful families
 Many companies started by men of samurai origins
Japan’s Economic Growth
Social Developments
 No reforms to ease burdens on rural population
 Massive population growth
 Strained resources and kept labor costs low
 Role of women
 Maintain inferiority of women in the home
 High-school education for women (1899)
 Silk industry relied upon women working in factories
Japanese Imperialism
 Sino-Japanese War
 Japan gains influence
over Korea &
Manchuria
 Russo-Japanese War
 Japan’s navy leads to
victory over Russia
 Japan annexes Korea
in 1910
Latin American Independence
 Factors
 Creole leadership
Simon Bolivar
 The Enlightenment
 Napoleon’s
conquest of Spain
Mask of Ferdinand
 Native unrest
Father Miguel de
Hidalgo
 Distance
Problems After Independence
 Political rivalries
 Centralists vs. federalists
 Liberals vs. conservatives
 Caudillos
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
 Victorious at the Alamo!
Juan Manuel de Rosas
(Argentina)
 Role of the Catholic church
 Creoles vs. natives
 Western interference
Santa Anna
Economic Problems
 Monroe Doctrine (1823)
 Economic Imperialism?
 Britain replaced Spain as the dominant economic force in Latin
America
 Economy continued to depend upon exports
 Britain dominated until 1860
 Modernization theory vs. Dependency theory
U.S. Intervention in Latin
America
 Mexican-American War
(1846-1848)
 Treaty of GuadalupeHidalgo
 Spanish-American War
 U.S. gains Puerto Rico,
the Philippines, Guam
 “Independence” for Cuba
 Roosevelt Corollary
(1904)
 Panama Canal
 Completed August 1914
U.S. Imperialism
U.S. Imperialism
“Big Stick” foreign policy
Mexico (1821-1876)
1821-1850’s marked
by political instability
Defeat in MexicanAmerican war began a
nationalist movement
Benito Juarez (18581872)
La Reforma
Attempted massive land
reform
Benito Juarez
Reforms challenged
the Catholic church
Porfirio Diaz (1876-1910)
 Industrialized Mexico
 Built railroads
 Improved banking
system
 Focused on oil & mining
 Depended on foreign
investment
 Increasingly autocratic
 Oppressed political
opposition
 Arrested Francisco
Madero in 1910
Porfirio Diaz
Argentina
 After independence dominated by caudillos
 Politically stabilized after 1862
 Economic growth based on exports
 Primary export is beef
 Industrialization dependent on foreign capital
 Large numbers of immigrants from Europe
 3.5 million from Italy, Germany, Russia, etc.
 Golondrinas
Latin American Society
 Few changes for women in Latin America
 Remained under the control of their fathers and husbands
 Machismo
 Lower class had more economic freedoms
 Gained more access to education
 Racial castes were formally abolished
 Racial and ethnic tensions continued
 Few major/ethnic reforms