Transcript Chapter 18
Chapter 18 Part 4 622-627 Terms to Know • • • • • • • • H-Bomb Dwight D. Eisenhower John Foster Dulles Brinkmanship CIA Warsaw Pact Eisenhower Doctrine The u-2 incident The Arms Race • After the Soviets tested their A-Bomb • Both the U.S. and the USSR are going to enter an arms race • In schools, children participated in air raid drills • Some folks built bomb shelters Scientists • Believed that an even more destructive bomb could be produced…the H-Bomb • An explosion of the hydrogen bomb would be equivalent to 100 tons of TNT… • Or 67 imes the destruction of the A-Bomb The Hydrogen Bomb • The U.S. had it in 1952 • The USSR had it in 1953 John Foster Dulles • Was the Sec. of State for Eisenhower • HIS doctrine was the Doctrine of Massive Nuclear Retaliation • Aka Brinkmanship • He was willing to bring the U.S> and USSR to the brink of war to gain concessions The CIA • Was created by the National Security Act of 1946 • Its job was to collect information • Both overtly (out in the ) or covertly (using spies) The Middle East • Iran • Since the defeat of the Ottoman Empire after WWI, the British were in control of the oil wells in Iran • Mossadegh, the Iranian Prime Minister, nationalized (took over) the oil wells in the mid 1950’s The British • Responded by not buying Iranian oil • The Iranian economy suffered • The United States was afraid that the Iranians would go to the USSR for help • In 1953 the CIA gave lots of money to antiMossadegh groups in Iran Caused a revolution • Mossadegh was ousted • • • • A new leader, Shah Reza Pahlavi took his place The shah was friendly to the West He tried to modernize and westernize Iran He outlawed traditional clothing and encouraged Western-style dress • His people resented this…for the next 25 years Map Middle East Latin America • Guatemala • The leader of Guatemala gave 200,000 acres of land to the Guatemalan people • The land had belonged to Americans • The CIA trained troops to oust the Guatemalan leader who was replaced by the head of the CIA-trained army who returned the land Map Central America 1953 • Stalin died • Nikita Khrushchev • New Soviet Policy: Peaceful coexistence • The U.S. and the USSR may not ever agree on anything BUT we can still live side by side in peace…we’ll see. Khrushchev • • • • • • Poland rebelled. freedom of speech, religion, etc. Khrushchev gave them some limited reforms And removed many Soviet troops He made a treaty with Finland and Japan Then he pulled ALL Soviet troops out of the Russian sector of Austria! What the heck did he want? • West Berlin • BUT The U.S. would not budge • Eisenhower was committed to the policy of containment • HOWEVER Khrushchev and Eisenhower were meeting and talking • At Geneva and later in the U.S. At Geneva • Eisenhower wanted both countries to be able to fly over each other’s air space • Khrushchev refused • But came to the U.S. for more talks in 1958 • He was asked by the press what he might like to see while he was here. • He said Disneyland (but was not admitted) Egypt • The last king of Egypt, King Farouk, was overthrown and a new popular leader took his place: Nasser • The U.S. offered to help Nasser build the Aswan Dam Map of the Middle East King Farouk Nasser • Began a trade relationship with the USSR • The U.S. withdrew its offer to help finance the dam • Then, Nasser sent Egyptian troops to the Suez Canal and chased the British and French out The Suez Canal • The French had built the canal in 1869 and the British bought a share in the canal • Both had been making lots of money collecting the tolls • Nasser decided to use the toll money to build his dam Then • !Nasser did not allow ships heading to Israel to use the canal! • Israel, France, and England sent troops • At that point, the U.S. and the USSR talked the British, the French and the Israelis into going home Israel • Had been given land by the United Nations in 1948 • During WWI the British tried to get help from the people of the Middle East to fight the Ottoman Turks Israel • In 1915 the Brits issued the McMahonHussein Correspondence promising the Arabs an independent nation in the Holy Land one day • In 1917 the British promised the same thing to the Jewish people for help against the Ottomans with the Balfour Declaration The Brits believed • That the Holy Land was big enough for two separate independent states • In 1948 the United Nations thought so too and made the offer • The New Jewish state (Israel) was established in 1948 • The Palestinians would not accept the deal In 1948 • Israel was attacked by 3 Arab nations • More war in 1956, 1967, 1973 • These will have a big impact on the U.S. foreign policy and oil prices later The Eisenhower Doctrine • similar to the Truman Doctrine • The U.S. would protect the Middle East from Communist aggression The Hungarian Revolution • 1956 Hungary had a pretty liberal communist leader: Nagy • He had promised his people democratic reform: free elections, an end to Soviet occupation and he denounced the Warsaw Pact Where the heck is Hungary? The Rebellion was crushed • Way too liberal for Khrushchev • 30,000 were killed • The U.S. did nothing • The doctrines all had to do with “free peoples “ requesting aid…the Eastern Bloc was not free The Space Race • In 1957 the Soviets launched the first artificial satellite…Sputnik • This was a huge surprise and embarrassment to the U.S. • The U.S. threw money at schools for new science and math programs • By 1958 we launched our own satellite Yuri Gagarin • Cosmonaut • First man in space • First man to orbit the Earth • But the U.S. will be the first on the Moon! • Later… The U-2 Incident • Both the U.S. and the USSR flew secret spy over each other’s territory • In the U.S. it was coordinated by the CIA and every mission had to be signed off on by the President One of our planes • Went down over the USSR • The Pilot, Francis Gary Powers, survived and was held by the KGB • When notified by Khrushchev, Eisenhower denied the whole thing claiming the maybe a weather balloon had come down Khrushchev • Had proof. He had the pilot and several pictures • Still Eisenhower refused to apologize • Eisenhower was scheduled to travel to Moscow for talks • The talks ended. • Powers was released after 11 months