Transcript Stick insects

Asma Noor ul Ain
Order odonata
Charaters
Examples
Order phasmida
Characters
Examples
References
• Hexa = six and poda = legs
• So it include insects having 3 pair of legs
• Two subclasses:
Apterygota (primitive wingless insects)
Pterygota (winged and secondarily wingless
insects)
• Pterygota means “wings,”
• Describes insects having wings, or once had
wings in their evolutionary history
• Includes most of the world’s insect species
• The winged insects (Pterygota) distinct stages
of development before they become adult.
• Incomplete metamorphosis (Egg > nymph >
adult)
• Complete metamorphosis (Egg > Larva (more
precisely: larval instars) > pupa > adult)
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Complete metamorphosis
Incomplete metamorphosiss
• The details of the process of metamorphosis
allows the winged insects to be classified into
two main groups:
Exopterygota (insects with incomplete
metamorphosis, without pupal stage)
Endopterygota (insects with complete
metamorphosis, including a pupal stage)[2]
• Refers to the development of the wings inside
the body.
• Complete metamorphosis.
• External changes are greatest.
• The eggs hatch into larvae .
• Larvae may or my not have legs.
• Development of wing s is not visible in larvae.
• After several molts pupa is formed.
• Pupa is inactive stage.
• Sometime pupa is protected by cocoon silk or
found in earthen cell in soil.
• Big changes internally take place during pupal
stage.
• After pupal stage highly active winged adult
appears.
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• Exopterygota ("external winged forms")
develop wings on the outside of their bodies
without going through a true pupal stage,
though a few have something resembling a
pupa.
• The young resemble adults but have
externally-developing wings.
• They undergo a modest change between
immature and adult
• nymphs develop gradually into adults through
a process of moulting.
• Highly diverse insect super order, with at least
130,000 living species divided between 15
orders.
• include termites, locusts, thrips, lice and stick
insects, among many other types of insects.
• Encompassing plant feeders, predators, and
animal parasites, and living in nearly all
habitats and areas where insects are found.[3]
• Simple or incomplete metamorphosis.
• The life cycle includes just three stages – egg,
nymph, and adult
• There is gradual exchange in external
appearance.
• Late nymph shows the development of the
wing pads.
• But only in last molt functional wings are
developed.
• The nymph usually have the same feeding
habitat and resemblance with adults.
Notoptera(ice-crawlers &
gladiators)
Plecoptera(stoneflies)
Embioptera(webspinners
Zoraptera(angel insects)
Dermaptera (earwigs)
Orthoptera
(grasshoppers, etc)
Phasmatodea(stick
insects)
Blattaria(cockroaches)
Isoptera(termites)
Mantodea (mantids)
Psocoptera (booklice,
barklice)
Thysanoptera (thrips)
Phthiraptera(lice)
Hemiptera (true bugs)
Odonata (dragonflies)
• Ortho = straight, ptera = wings. Hence these
are insects with straight wings.
• Include (grasshoppers, crickets & katydids).
• Have incomplete metamorphosis. Nymphs
look similar to mature adults, but lack fullydeveloped wings.
• Mandibulate , chewing mouthparts.
• Antennae have multiple joints, and are of variable
length.
• Compound eyes.
• The first and third segments of the thorax are
enlarged, while the second segment is much
shorter.
• The final two to three segments of the abdomen
are reduced, and have single-segmented cerci.
Have a generally cylindrical body.
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• They have two pairs of wings, which are held
overlapping the abdomen at rest.
• The forewings, or tegmina, are narrower than
the hind wings and hardened at the base,
• While the hind wing is membranous, with
straight veins and numerous cross-veins. At
rest, the hind wings are held folded fan-like
under the forewings.
• Usually enlarged hind femora/hind legs for
jumping.
• Most are medium to large.
• This form of sound production is called
stridulation, and involves rubbing the upper
and lower wings or the hind leg and wing
together to create a vibration.
• Hind legs adapted for jumping. Tympanum
(sound markers present).
• Have long ovipositor and long pronotum.
• Exist in terrestrial habitats.
• Very destructive to crops
• Grasshoppers
Crickets
Katydids
• Odonto’ refers to strong teeth on mandibles of
adults.
• Includes dragonflies and damselflies.
• Incomplete. Nymphs and adults different in
appearance.
• nymphs with gills called naiad. Indicate good
water quality.
• Adults nearly water or terrestrial. Adults are
moderate to large predaceous insects.
• Hemimetabolous: egg -> nymph (naiad) -> adult
• The mouthparts underside of head and simple
chewing mandibles.
• Have two ocelli and short antennae.
• Two pairs of long, transparent wings that
move independently. Abundantly veined.
• Elongated abdomens.
• Big compound eyes. Excellent vision; can
rotate head almost 360 to capture the pray.
• Long slender bodies. Have large rounded
heads
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 Long needle like abdomen, prominent eyes,
antennae short and setaceous
 Habitat almost all in lentic waters.
 Beneficial (predaceous on mosquitoes and other
insects).
• Dragonflies
Damselflies
• The order name comes from the Greek word
phasma, meaning apparition. Some
entomologists call this order Phasmatodea.
• The order Phasmida includes some of the best
camouflage artists in the insect world - the
stick and leaf insects.
• Nymphs and adults similar in appearance.
simple metamorphosis.
• Eggs are laid, often dropping to the ground, as
copulation takes place.
• In some species, females can produce
offspring without fertilization by a male.
• These offspring are nearly always female, and
males of those species are rare or nonexistent.
• Chewing mouthparts designed for breaking down
plant material.
• Antennae are long and slender.
• Prothorax is short. Mesothorax & Mesothorax are
very elongated.
• Leathery, elongate bodies and long thin, slender
legs designed for walking slowly.
• None. Rarely 2 pair leaf like. Forewing very
narrow and tough (=tegmina); hindwing
membrane-like & folded; N. American species
lack wings.
• Large 12-178mm.
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• Elongated, cylindrical bodies, pencil like or
stick like, slow moving.
• Foliage feeders on trees and shrubs.
• Stick insects:
Leaf insects:
• http://insects.about.com/od/flyinginsects/p/c
har_pterygota.htm
• http://www.amentsoc.org/insects/factfiles/orders/pterygota.html
• http://www.answers.com/topic/exopterygota-