Transcript bYTEBoss chap35

World History: Connection to Today
Chapter 35, Section
Chapter 35
South Asia and the
Middle East
(1945–Present)
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
World History: Connection to Today
Chapter 35, Section
Chapter 35: South Asia and the Middle East (1945–Present)
Section 1: Nations of South Asia
Section 2: Forces Shaping the Modern
Middle East
Section 3: Nation Building in the Middle East:
Three Case Studies
Section 4: The Middle East and the World
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Chapter 35, Section 1
Nations of South Asia
• Why was India partitioned?
• How has India dealt with political, economic,
and social change?
• What problems did Pakistan and Bangladesh
face?
• How is South Asia linked to world affairs?
Chapter 35, Section 1
Why Was India Partitioned?
After World War II, Britain finally agreed to Indian demand for
independence.
Muslims insisted on their own state, Pakistan.
Riots between Hindus and Muslims persuaded Britain to
partition, or divide, the subcontinent.
In 1947, British officials created Hindu India and Muslim
Pakistan.
As Hindus and Muslims crossed the borders, violence erupted
in Northern India.
Ten million refugees fled their homes. At least a million people,
including Mohandas Gandhi, were killed.
Even after the worst violence ended, Hindu-Muslim tensions
persisted.
Chapter 35, Section 1
Partition of India, 1947
Chapter 35, Section 1
Cause and Effect: Partition of India
Long-Term
Causes
Short-Term
Causes
Muslim conquest of northern
India in 1100s
World War II weakens European
colonial empires
British imperialism in India
Pressure from Indian nationalists
increases
Nationalists organize the
Indian National Congress in
1885
Muslim nationalists form
separate Muslim League in
1906
Insistence by Muhammad Ali
Jinnah and the Muslim League
that Muslims have their own
state
Rioting between Hindus and
Muslims throughout northern
India
Effects
Violence erupts as millions
of Hindus and Muslims
cross the border between
India and Pakistan
Gandhi is assassinated by
Hindu extremists
India and Pakistan
become centers of Cold
War rivalry
Establishment of the state
of Bangladesh
Connections
to Today
Continuing clash between
India and Pakistan over
Kashmir
Nuclear arms race as both
India and Pakistan refuse to
sign Non-Proliferation Treaty
Chapter 35, Section 1
India: Political, Economic, and Social Change
POLITICAL
India’s constitution set up a
federal system.
For 40 years after
independence, the Nehru
family led India.
India’s size and diversity
have contributed to religious
and regional divisions.
Today, India is the world’s
largest democratic nation.
ECONOMIC
India adopted a socialist
model to expand agriculture
and industry.
Rapid population growth hurt
efforts to improve living
conditions.
An economic slowdown forced
India to privatize some
industries and make foreign
investment easier.
SOCIAL
Urbanization undermined
some traditions, but most
Indians continued to live in
villages.
The government tried to
end discrimination based
on caste. However, deep
prejudice continued.
Chapter 35, Section 1
Pakistan and Bangladesh
PAKISTAN
After independence, military
leaders seized power and ruled as
dictators.
When civilian leaders were finally
elected, the military continued to
intervene.
The country lacked natural
resources for industry.
Ethnic rivalries fueled conflicts.
Severe economic problems and
corruption plagued the
government.
Forty percent of the nation’s
budget goes to repaying foreign
debt.
BANGLADESH
In 1971, Bengalis declared
independence for Bangladesh.
Geography has made it difficult to
rise out of poverty.
Explosive population growth has
further strained resources.
Since the early 1990s, civilian
governments have worked to
encourage foreign investments.
Chapter 35, Section 1
How is South Asia Linked to World Affairs?
• India and Pakistan achieved their independence as
the Cold War began.
• Pakistan accepted military aid from the United States,
while India signed a treaty of friendship with the
Soviet Union.
• When the Cold War ended, both India and Pakistan
sought aid from the western powers.
• Regional conflicts bred global concern after both India
and Pakistan acquired nuclear weapons.
Chapter 35, Section 1
Section 1 Assessment
Which of the following was an effect of the partition of India?
a) British imperialism in India
b) World War II
c) establishment of the state of Bangladesh
d) the organization of the Indian National Congress
Which of the following was not a challenge facing Pakistan after
independence?
a) lack of natural resources
b) government corruption
c) ethnic tensions
d) failed socialist economic policies
Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.
Chapter 35, Section 1
Section 1 Assessment
Which of the following was an effect of the partition of India?
a) British imperialism in India
b) World War II
c) establishment of the state of Bangladesh
d) the organization of the Indian National Congress
Which of the following was not a challenge facing Pakistan after
independence?
a) lack of natural resources
b) government corruption
c) ethnic tensions
d) failed socialist economic policies
Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.
Chapter 35, Section 2
Forces Shaping the Modern Middle East
• How have diversity and nationalism shaped the
Middle East?
• What political and economic patterns have emerged?
• Why has an Islamic revival spread across the region?
• How do women’s lives vary in the Middle East?
Chapter 35, Section 2
Diversity and Nationalism
DIVERSITY
NATIONALISM
Most people in the Middle East
today are Muslims, but Jews and
Christians still live there.
After World War I, Arab nationalists
opposed the mandate system that
placed Arab territories under
European control.
Middle Eastern people speak
more than 30 different
languages.
Every country is home to minority
groups.
Muslims share the same faith but
belong to different national
groups. Often, such differences
have created divisions.
The Pan-Arab dream of a united
Arab state foundered, but the Arab
League continued to promote Arab
solidarity.
Chapter 35, Section 2
Political and Economic Patterns
GOVERNMENT
Most Middle Eastern nations
developed authoritarian
governments.
OIL
Oil-rich nations built roads, hospitals,
and schools. Poorer countries
lacked the capital needed for
development.
WATER
ECONOMICS
Most of the region has limited rainfall.
Some nations turned to socialism to end
foreign economic control and modernize
rapidly.
Oil-rich countries have built
desalinization plants.
Individual nations have built dams to
supply water.
Nations must seek ways to use water
cooperatively.
To get capital, governments took foreign
loans.
Heavy borrowing left many nations deeply
in debt.
Chapter 35, Section 2
World Crude Oil Production
Chapter 35, Section 2
Water Resources in the Middle East
Chapter 35, Section 2
Islamic Revival
For more than 1,300 years, the Quran and Sharia provided
guidance on all aspects of life.
During the Age of Imperialism, westerners urged Muslim nations to
modernize and to adopt western forms of secular government and
law.
Some Middle Eastern leaders adopted western models of
development, promising economic progress and social justice.
By the 1970s, in the face of failed development and repressive
regimes, many Muslim leaders called for a return to Sharia.
Islamic reformers, called fundamentalists by the West, did not
reject modernization, but they did reject westernization.
Chapter 35, Section 2
Women in the Muslim World
Conditions for women vary greatly from country to country in the modern Middle
East.
Since the 1950s, women in most countries have won voting rights and equality
before the law. In other countries, though, laws and traditions emerged that limited
women’s right to vote, work, or even drive cars.
The changes have taken place at different rates in different places:
•
In Turkey, Syria, and Egypt, many urban women gave up long-held practices
such as wearing hejab, or cover.
•
Conservative countries like Saudi Arabia and Iran have opposed the spread
of western secular influences among women.
Chapter 35, Section 2
Section 2 Assessment
In 1995, what percentage of crude oil was produced by OPEC nations?
a) 10 percent
b) 100 percent
c) 61 percent
d) 59 percent
Islamic fundamentalists largely rejected
a) modernization.
b) westernization.
c) desalinization.
d) Pan-Arabism.
Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.
Chapter 35, Section 2
Section 2 Assessment
In 1995, what percentage of crude oil was produced by OPEC nations?
a) 10 percent
b) 100 percent
c) 61 percent
d) 59 percent
Islamic fundamentalists largely rejected
a) modernization.
b) westernization.
c) desalinization.
d) Pan-Arabism.
Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.
Chapter 35, Section 3
Nation Building in the Middle East: Three Case Studies
• What issues has Turkey faced?
• Why was Egypt a leader in the Arab world?
• What were the causes and results of the
revolution in Iran?
Chapter 35, Section 3
What Issues Has Turkey Faced?
• At the beginning of the Cold War, the Soviets tried to expand
southward into Turkey.
• Turkey struggled to build a stable government.
• Modernization and urbanization brought social turmoil.
• In 1999, a series of powerful earthquakes shook western Turkey,
including major industrial areas.
• Kurdish nationalists fought for autonomy.
• Turkey waged a long struggle over Cyprus.
• Turkey was divided politically, with secular politicians on one
side and Islamic reformers on the other.
Chapter 35, Section 3
Egypt: A Leader in the Arab World
In the 1950s, Gamal Abdel Nasser set out to modernize Egypt
and end western domination. He:
•
•
•
•
nationalized the Suez Canal
led two wars against Israel
employed socialist economic policies, which had limited success
built the Aswan High Dam
Anwar Sadat came to power in the 1970s. He:
•
•
opened Egypt to foreign investment and private business
became the first Arab leader to make peace with Israel
Sadat’s successor, Hosni Mubarak:
•
•
•
reaffirmed the peace with Israel
mended fences with his Arab neighbors
faced serious domestic problems
Chapter 35, Section 3
Iran’s Ongoing Revolution
Because of its vast oil fields, Iran became a focus of western
interests.
In 1945, western powers backed Shah Muhammad Reza
Pahlavi, despite opposition from Iranian nationalists.
In the 1970s, the shah’s enemies rallied behind Ayatollah
Ruhollah Khomeini, who condemned western influences and
accused the shah of violating Islamic law.
The shah was forced into exile and Khomeini’s supporters
proclaimed an Islamic Republic.
Revolutionaries bitterly denounced the West. They attacked
corruption, replaced secular courts with religious ones,
dismantled women’s rights, and banned everything western.
While, at first, they allowed some open discussion, before long
they were suppressing opponents.
Chapter 35, Section 3
Section 3 Assessment
Which nation fought a long struggle over Cyprus?
a) Turkey
b) Iran
c) Iraq
d) Egypt
Who nationalized the Suez Canal?
a) Hosni Mubarak
b) Anwar Sadat
c) Gamal Abdel Nasser
d) Ayatollah Khomeini
Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.
Chapter 35, Section 3
Section 3 Assessment
Which nation fought a long struggle over Cyprus?
a) Turkey
b) Iran
c) Iraq
d) Egypt
Who nationalized the Suez Canal?
a) Hosni Mubarak
b) Anwar Sadat
c) Gamal Abdel Nasser
d) Ayatollah Khomeini
Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.
Chapter 35, Section 4
The Middle East and the World
• How did the Cold War increase tensions in
the Middle East?
• Why has the Arab-Israeli conflict been
difficult to resolve?
• Why did conflicts arise in Lebanon and the
Persian Gulf?
Chapter 35, Section 4
The Cold War and the Middle East
During the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet
Union sought access to the oil and waterways of the Middle
East. Superpower rivalries had a far-reaching impact on the
region.
• In their global rivalry, each of the superpowers tried
to line up allies in the Middle East.
•
Each superpower sold arms to its ally in the region.
•
In the Arab-Israeli conflict, the United States helped
Israel, while the Soviet Union gave aid to the Arabs.
•
During and after the Cold War, the development of
weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East
became a global concern.
Chapter 35, Section 4
Arab-Israeli Issues
After years of fighting and negotiations, peace in Israel
remains an elusive goal. A number of specific issues
continue to divide the two sides.
Palestinians demanded the
right to return to lands they
fled during the Arab Israeli
wars.
Palestinians demanded that
part of Jerusalem become the
capital of a future Palestinian
nation.
Many Israelis insisted on the
survival of Israeli settlements
that had been built on these
occupied lands.
Israeli conservatives insisted
that Jerusalem remain
undivided as the capital of
Israel.
Chapter 35, Section 4
Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1948 – 1995
Chapter 35, Section 4
Civil War in Lebanon
In the 1970s, the Arab-Israeli conflict fueled tensions in nearby
Lebanon.
•
•
•
The Muslim population began to increase, disturbing the balance among
Maronites (a Christian sect) and Sunni and Shiite Muslims. This led to unrest.
Palestinian refugees entering Lebanon from occupied territories strained
resources.
PLO guerrillas in refugee camps in Lebanon crossed into Israel to attack
civilian and military targets.
In 1975, Lebanon was plunged into seemingly endless civil war.
• Christian and Muslim militias battled for control of Beirut, the capital
city.
• Israel invaded the south, while Syria occupied eastern Lebanon.
By 1990, Lebanese leaders finally restored some measure of order.
Chapter 35, Section 4
Wars in the Persian Gulf
Border disputes, oil wealth, foreign intervention, and ambitious
rulers fed tensions along the Persian Gulf.
In 1980, Iraqi dictator, Saddam Hussein invaded Iran.
• The resulting war dragged on for eight years, ending in a
stalemate. For both nations, the human and economic toll
was enormous.
In 1990, Iraqi troops invaded the oil-rich nation of Kuwait.
• In the Gulf War, the United States organized a coalition of
American, European, and Arab powers to drive Iraqi forces
out of Kuwait.
Chapter 35, Section 4
Wars in the Persian Gulf, 1980 – 1991
Chapter 35, Section 4
Section 4 Assessment
Which region was granted limited self-rule in 1994?
a) Jerusalem
b) the Sinai Peninsula
c) the Golan Heights
d) the Gaza Strip
In 1980, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein invaded
a) Kuwait.
b) Iran.
c) Israel.
d) Lebanon.
Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.
Chapter 35, Section 4
Section 4 Assessment
Which region was granted limited self-rule in 1994?
a) Jerusalem
b) the Sinai Peninsula
c) the Golan Heights
d) the Gaza Strip
In 1980, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein invaded
a) Kuwait.
b) Iran.
c) Israel.
d) Lebanon.
Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.