Transcript Rome 600CE~1450CE - bugilsocialstudies

Timbuktu (the city of Mali)
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GROWTH
• Mansa Musa’s Support
• By Traders
– Muhammad Askia (Spodek p.366)
– Sub-Saharan, Caravans, Berber, Arab traders
– Good Trade Relations
• Intellectual Exploration
– Religious Studies
– Literature prosperity
– Education Organizations
Role
• Trade Center
– Gold, ivory, salt, animal skin, and slaves
•
(Barron’s AP World History 3rd Edition, p.138)
• Studying Center
– Islamic scholars
– Oral storytelling and song making
Chang’an
- Acted as an one end of the Silk Road  Major trading center 
cosmopolitan
- The capital of Sui, Tang Dynasty  One of the biggest cities
- Biggest city in China since Han dynasty
- Cultural influence to near regions  Kyoto
- Political significance: legitimacy, much is lost since the 5 Dynasties & 10
Kingdoms period
-
The recession of Chang’an  Rebellions
-- An Shi Rebellion
-- Huang Chao rebellion
- Not selected to become a capital of any
countries.
-- Corresponds to the decline of the Silk Roads
Venice
Venice: An island city, the greatest seaport in late medieval
Europe and its commercial and cultural link with Asia, Venice is
unique environmentally, architecturally, and historically.
Venice
“Immensely wealthy Italian city-state of the
Medival period”
Significance
Cultural
-Venice was influenced by many regions
-”Myth of Venice”
-Influence from other regions
*Palace, Church
Significance
Political
-Political structure – patriciate governs
-The commune: Republic
Venice
Significance
Economical
-Maritime trade: the major hub of Mediterranean trade
-End of 10th century, Venice : most economically developed city in
Italy.
-Trade conflicts
-14th and 15th, Venice : Golden age (influenced by Crusades)
Decline of Venice
-Under Francesco Foscari
*Crusade: A series of Christian holy wars conducted against infidels.
Relationship between Byzantine Empire (330–1453)
Rome: Before Avignon Papacy
golden age of church
• 7th century~ early 9th century :
Grew dramatically
-Charlemagne
-Vigorous buildings
• Late 9th~mid 11th: uneasy
peace between papacy and
Nobility  dispute
• 11th~12th C : golden age
-rule state throughout Europe
-many pilgrims  gifts… flow
money
Conflicts btw nobility and pope
Conflicts
• Republican constitution survived
both papal and imperial rule pope
large cash payment to senators
• pope Innocent tried to secure
pope’s position  conflict with
Orsini.
• Innocent cherish to Roman. Roman
supports for a while
• Tax problem: resurgence, more,
severe
Collapse
• Lost reforming zeal from people
• Royal power grew
• France tries to arrests the pope
pope dies
Rome: Avignon Papacy
Avignon Papacy
• cardinal divided: pro, anti-Bonifacian
-elect archbishop, they made pope more vulnerable
• make pope refuge -Establish papal curia in Avignon
-Establish loyal faction
• Controlled by France –France appoint pope and clergies
-Pope followed what France says
Try to Go Back
• After one of effective (clement) archbishop dies: cardinals deeply divided - go
back to Rome or not
• Pope John XXII : forceful – feud stops for a while
- tried to go back Italy
sent subordinates -Emperor of Italy against
Failed
-France and archbishops didn’t agree
-John’s death: pope decline
-Hundred Years’ War
Rome: After Avignon Papacy
Great Schism
• Pope Gregory returns from Avignon (1377)
• France oppose: elect new one  two groups meet and elect new pope:
3 popes  schism
• Popes abdicate (1415~1417) elect new (1417)
:schism ended but pope’s power hit the floor
In This Period
• spread of heresy
• collapse of priests
• Black Death: corrupted church
Influences:
• secular government grow
• people started to refuse the religion climate of Protestant
Reformation
• Center of religion
• Birth of Muhammad
• Prominent role in
worship: Ka’aba
• Five Pillars: Pilgrimage t
o Mecca
• Umma: community of
believers
Ka’aba in Mecca
• Islamic trade center
• Silk Road
• Economic benefits to
Quraysh tribes
• Muhammad’s
return to Mecca
• Muhammad’s
power
• Legitimacy
Location of Medina
History of Medina
• Sahifa al-Medina : Constitution of Medin
a
• Migrated to
Medina in 622 C.E
• Diverse than
Mecca : Jews,
Muslims, idolaters.
Prophet’s Mosque
http://insearchofsimplicity.com/sample-chapters
Significance of Medina
• Not an obligatory part of
the pilgrimage
• Visit purpose of ziyara, pi
ous visit.
• capture the early history
of the prayer ritual, also
strengthen the believer’s
resolve and commitment
to these practice.
• Political leadership
http://www.sacredsites.com/middle_east/saudi_arabia/images/medina_mosque_01_V_500.jpg
Karakorum
… 1. Location + Geographical
Significance + Before Mongol
Rule
Karakorum
… 2. As the Capital of Mongol
Empire
After
1220,
abandon by
Mongol
Kublai Khan
Empire’s
political,
(1266),
capital from
cultural,
destroyed
economic
Avarga to
capital for 40
by vengeful
In
Genghis
Khan moves
Karakorum
years
Manchurian
soldiers in
1388
• Ogedei Khan erects
permanent political
structures
• Has temples of all the
major religions …
(Primary document by
William of Rubruck)
• Housed workmen
from around the
empire (French
Goldsmith)
•
Karakorum
… 3. Factors for Growth Over
Time
Mongol Conquest  More buildings, religious
centers
• Exploration  Spread of knowledge, though
slow
• Slave Trade (13C, slaves sold at Karakorum) 
Ethnic diversity, larger workforce
• Commercial Trade  Trade w. China, Southeast
Asia, Middle East increases
Urbanization
Population
Increased
Greater
Growth
Trade
Diversity
Samarkand
Samarkand
Before this time
period: already
developed; had
been capital of
kingdom,
influenced by
Alexander the
Great etc.
Early 13th C:
annexed by
KhwarexmShah
9th-10th C:
Samanids
of Iran
8th C: Arab
11th-13th C:
various
Turkic ppl
Growth during 600 – 1450
1365:
capital of
Timur
Empire
1220: destroyed by
Genghis Khan
Samarkand: Significance
• Culture – reflects multi-ethnicity: Turks, Persians,
Arabs, Mongols
– Architecture
– Garden Making
– Samarkand Rug
Persian
+ Turkic
Islam/
Arabic
Mongol
• Center of Islamic learning
– Patronized Turkish as a literary
language
– Poetry, literature
– Scholars
• Al Samarkandi – medicine, astronomy,
philosophy, theology, logic
• Uluh Beg – astronomy, math
Samarkand
Constantinople
Where is Baghdad???
What was the role of Baghdad?
• Capital city of the
Abbasid dynasty
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Architecture
Arts
Cultures
Finance
Markets/Trades
Education
Science/technology
• Religious center
• Military character
• Commercial activities
Abbasid Palace(late 12th/early 13th
C)
Growth
• Founded in 762 as the capital of the
Abbasid dynasty
– Most significant cultural centre of Arab and
Islamic civilization
– Symbol of Muslim culture and achievement
• Economically developed metropolis
– Juncture of the land and water trade routes
• Mongol invasion in 1258 C.E
• Became local center of the Mongol Empire
Damascus: Location
• It is now the
capital of Syria.
• It was the capital
of the Islamic
Caliphate.
• Known as the
oldest inhabited
city.
Growth
• Cultural Growth
-The Great Mosque
-Easy communication
• Economic growth
-Trade
Role of this city
• Capital of
Umayyad
- Centre of
Culture and
Trade
• Crusade
Development and decline of Kiev
Slavs established their own settlement on a hill and
was named for Kiy.
• Kiev was not based on agriculture. Therefore, trade
was occurred along the Dniper river. Trade also went
to the Caspian Sea and Central Asia
• Kiev established diplomatic relations with Byzantium,
England, France, Sweden, and other countries.
• Decline: in late 12th century, the power of the city
had declined. In 1238, Genghis Khan invaded Rus
and conquered the towns of central Russia. Much of
the city was destroyed and the most of its
population killed
•
Religious development
• The introduction of Christianity to Kiev enhanced
its significance as the spiritual center of Russia.
• The city’s wealth and religious importance was
attested to by its more than 400 churches.
• In 957, Princess Olga of Kiev converted to Byz.
Christianity
• Her grandson(valdimir) 980CE convert to
orthodoxy
• Artistic tradition of icon painting, Byzantine style
architecture, monasticism religious education,
legal principles and other patterns of thought
• The Cathedral of St. Sophia
Oblast , western Russia
-South : Oka River, Moskva River
-Southeast: plain drops to the
Meshchera Lowland
-Northern Edge: Central
Russoan Upland
All about Moscow
-Capital city of the Russian
Federation
- important center in 14th
century
Moscow in Christianity
• 15th century
• After the fall of
Constantinople to
the Turks (1453), 
regarded as the
“Third Rome”
• Integrating modern
technology, eagle
symbols, the work of
going back to Rome
Mongols…
- after Chinggis’s death
1227
- Four sons continued
their expansions
- Along the lands, they
entered Russia, and
took Moscow Kiev
• Russia began to
take its modern form
- After Ivan III (r. 14621505)
Cairo - Geography
• Located along the Nile
• The Largest City of Africa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo
http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9709/21/mideast.wrap/egypt.cairo.map.lg.jpg
Growth
Role
The Most Important Religious
Icons of Cairo (640CE, Amr ibn
al-A)
• Mosque of Ibn Tulun
• Reaching its zenith under
Mamluk’s control in 14th C
• Economy started to decline
since 15th C
• King of Kanem converted to
Islam constructed a religious
school in Cairo.
– Expansion of Fatimid Rulers to
begin their administration in
Fustat.
– Economic Inflation – Mansa
Musa
– one of the world’s great
trade centers
– sheltered a very significant
Jewish community
•
– Created a religiously
important societies in N.
Africa
Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World I (Pg. 115~116)
Spodek: World History, 3rd Edition
[Northern India]
Climate/Region Dryness, Hot summer/Hillside
-Fruit (neem, jaman, sissoo)  increase of population
sissoo
-animals (wild boar, & monkey)  increase of pop
-Increase of pop  urbanization MarketMonkey->
Qutb Mibnar
Interaction of SR & IOR
-Important city for other markets (ECON)
-Indo-Muslim  role of spreading Muslim?
(REL)
-Pashtun style (1193-1320)
e.x) Quwat-ul-Islam mosque
The Qutb Mibnar
Tomb of Iltutmish
Alai Gate
neem
Wild boar
Politics
1. Tomar dynasty (736) – Lal Kot
-inscribed on Iron Pillar of Delhi
-given by Vibudh Shridhar
-learning eloquent language
2.Lal kot’s  Qila Rai Pithora
(Chauhan King of Ajmer conquer 1180)
3. Delhi Sultanate (1206) (Under the Slave Dyansty)
1st Sultan  Qutb-ud-din Aybak (former slave  become a general
4. Helding power (After SLAVE DYNASTY)
Khilji dynasty  Tughluq dynasty  Sayyid dynasty  Lodi dynasty
5. Timur Lenk (1398) invade (too tolerant of their Hindu)
The Center of Aztec Life:
Tenochtitlan
Trade
• Food, jewelry mainly traded
• Significant amount of trade->network,
transportation
• Used canoes and boats for
transportation
• A lot of merchants but under strict
control
Religion, military…
• Religious: a lot of sacrifice needed
• A lot of temples, rituals
• Military: main purpose->gain slaves for
sacrifice
• Soldiers had a lot of decoration
• Peasants were in companion in battles
City in S-eastern Peru, near the
Urubamba Valley of the Andes
Mountain range-capital of the
Cusco Region
In the time per. of 600-1450,
history of growth and role of
Cuzco starts from 1200 as a
capital of Inca Empire.
Cuzco
Growth
Extensive Conquest and
Ruling Techniques
-Starts to form a form of a nations and
kingdoms with a variety of cultures
-Conquered the whole Southern America
-Unites the whole continent.
Architecture
Machu Picchu Sacsayhuaman
Fortress
with precise stone tech
Religious growth
-Emergence of Sun Temples
-Integration of Religious and Forceful
-integrates religion into a way of ruling
Authority with Political Control = Using three
ways to rule
Infrastructural Growth
-Unification of roads and bridges
-Public Temples and Fortresses
Role
1.Central Force and Authority
2. Firmly sets religious principles that are built
on people’s mind
3. Infrastructure
However, b/c of extensive conquest and warfare, Cuzco takes a role
of a division of power between the Cuzcos and Kitos (each powers)
Jenne-Jeno
• Upper inland Niger
Delta of the middle
Niger
• Groups from the
Serer, Soninke of
Mali, moved to
Jenne-Jeno
• Flood plain suited for
rice, sorghum, and
millet
• Important city for
trans-Saharan trade
• Reached the peak
between 450-1100CE.
(maximum area of 100
acres in 850 CE)
• Islamic influences as
the climate became
dryer
• Decline 1200-1400CE
-ghost town by 1400CE