Transcript China and Japan

■Essential Question:
–How was China affected by global
changes during the Qing Dynasty?
■Warm-Up Question:
–?
A Review of Chinese History
■ From ancient times to 1900, China was the
most dominant & influential society in Asia
–Chinese culture spread to surrounding
neighbors, including Korea & Japan
–China was one of the most innovative
cultures in world history by developing
technologies such as, compass, printing,
silk, paper, & gunpowder
–Chinese civilization is unique in world
history because of its continuity over
4,000 years of history
Quick Class Discussion:
What elements of Chinese culture remained
constant over the course of Chinese history
(from 3000 B.C. to 1900 A.D.)?
was isolated
Core Ideas AcrossChina
Chinese
Historyfrom
outsiders by deserts &
the Himalayan Mountains
This isolation led the Chinese to refer to themselves
as the “Middle Kingdom”, thought of outsiders as
barbarians, & rarely traded with foreign merchants
ChinaChinese
was ruledHistory
by emperors
Core Ideas Across
who claimed the Mandate of
Heaven (approval of the gods)
Dynasties could be
overthrown if they
lost the mandate
of heaven, called
the dynastic cycle
Since the Classical Era
of the Han Dynasty,
Chinese government
was run effectively by
educated bureaucrats
because of the
examination system
Core Ideas Across Chinese History
Rather than
following a
major world
religion, China
was influenced
by the ethical
system of
Confucianism
Buddhism was
introduced &
spread through
China during the
Han Dynasty
Chinese
luxury
China
was a reluctant
Core
Ideas
Across
Chinese
History
goods spread
trade nation, but it was the
through Asia
trend setter as other Asian
& Europe across
nations adopted Chinese
the Silk Road
writing, gov’t, & artistic styles
Review of Chinese Dynasties
Eras in Chinese history are named
after the dynasties that were in power;
Each of these dynasties added unique
contributions in Chinese history
China began along the unpredictable Yellow & Yangtze
River
Valley
(5000-1700
Rivers
but only
10% Era
of China
is suitable forB.C.)
farming
China’s first emperor (Qin Shi Huang-di) came
Qin Dynasty
(316-206
to power,
gave “China”
its name, &B.C.)
built the
Great Wall to protect from northern invasions
China became an empire for the first time &
Han Dynasty
B.C.-220
entered
the Classical(206
Era during
the HanA.D.)
Dynasty
The Silk Road began
Chinese artisans The Confucian Buddhism was
mastered silk &
Examination first introduced &
paper making
System began began to spread
China experienced a “golden age” was the most
Tang && Song
Dynasties
(618-1279)
powerful
advanced
country in the
world during
the Tang & Song Dynasties of the post-classical era
For the 1st time,
foreign trade
was encouraged
A series of advanced inventions
were developed, like gunpowder,
compass, printing press, vaccines
In 1279, Genghis’ grandson Kublai Khan
Yuan
Dynasty
became
the first
foreign (1271-1368)
leader to rule China;
The Mongols created the Yuan Dynasty
Marco Polo’s visit
during the Yuan
During the Pax Mongolica,
Dynasty increased
the Silk Road was protected European demand for
& trade with China increased
Chinese goods
To
During
protect
theMing
Mingemperors
Dynasty Chinese
from future
rule was
invasions,
restored,
the
Ming
Dynasty
(1368-1644)
Forbidden
emperors
City
encouraged
was
builtforeign
in Beijing
trade
that
& no
exploration
one other
than
(Zheng
royalty
He)orfor
approved
the first bureaucrats
& only time in
could
history
enter
In 1644, northern invaders from Manchuria
QingChina
Dynasty
(1644-1911)
conquered
& created
the second foreign
dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing Dynasty
■ Text
Forced Chinese men to wear their
hair in a pigtail as a sign of
submission to their rule
Made the frontiers safe and restored
China’s prosperity.
During this era of Manchu rule,
China grew to its largest size by claiming
Taiwan, central Asia, Mongolia, & Tibet
Like the
Kangxi
era ofwas
Mongol
the first
rule,
emperor
Chinesetorejected
tour &
Dynasty
(1644-1911)
ledQing
rebellions
China
&against
visit peasant
their
Manchu
villagesrulers
■ Text
But,Kangxi
Emperor
Kangxi
earnedrulers
Chinese
respect
& later
Manchu
returned
by keeping
beliefs,
loweringstrict
taxes,
China toConfucian
isolationism
by restoring
& restoring
peace
and“Middle
prosperity
to China
adherence
to the
Kingdom”
■
But, Qing China faced 2 important challenges
(1644-1911)
thatQing
wouldDynasty
threaten China’s
future strength
The introduction of new
Text
American crops like corn
& sweet potatoes led to a
dramatic increase in the
Chinese population
The sharp rise in the number
of Chinese peasants would
lead to competition for land
& peasant uprisings
But, Qing China faced 2 important challenges
(1644-1911)
thatQing
wouldDynasty
threaten China’s
future strength
■ Text
Europeans arrived with
European missionaries superior military technology,
& merchants arrived demanded that China trade
with them, & refused to
in Asia eager to gain
accept Chinese customs
access into China
Activity: Advice to Kangxi
■ Imagine that you are an advisor to the
Manchu emperor Kangxi & give suggestions
as to how to deal with China’s problems
–Working with a partner, identify China’s 2
major problems during the Qing Dynasty;
Write these on one side of an index card
–On the same side of the card, brainstorm at
least 3 potential solutions to each problem
–Rank order these potential solutions
–On the other side of the card, offer your
best solution for each problem
The Qing Dynasty
■King George III asks for a better trade
arrangement
■representative Lord George
McCartney refuses to kowtow the
emperor
■Qian-long denies Britain’s request
■Why was the kowtow ritual
important to the Chinese emperor?
■Quick Write:
■What were the characteristics &
causes of Japanese feudalism?
■What foreign group ruled China
during the Qing Dynasty?
■What two major challenges did
China face during Kangxi’s reign as
emperor of China?
Geography of Japan
Japan is a series of islands off
the coasts of Korea & China
Like Greece, Japan was
divided by mountains &
had few areas for farming
Before 400 A.D., Japan was
not a unified nation but
was ruled by hundreds of
different family clans
Japan’s island location
provided protection from
Chinese & Mongol invasions…
…but Japan was close enough to
borrow cultural ideas from China
Japan’s isolation gave rise to a unique Japanese
culture, most specifically the Shinto religion
Shinto is a
polytheistic religion
based on the
respect of nature &
ancestor worship
Shinto worshipers
believed in divine
spirits called kami
that live in nature
The most important
of the Shinto gods is
the sun goddess who
gave light to the world
Amaterasu: Sun Goddess
As Japan had more contact with Asia,
UnlikeitChina,
Japanese
emperors
adopted
Chinese
culture &often
ideasdid not
have power over clan leaders; Japan often had an
Japan adopted
the Chinese
an emperor
&
emperor
figurehead
& a clanidea
rulerofwith
true power
rule by dynasties; The first Japanese emperor was
said to have descended from the sun goddess
Japan tried, but failed, to
model the Chinese examination
system for gov’t officials
Japan adopted Confucianism & blended
Chinese styles of writing, architecture, & art
Chinese landscape art
Chinese architecture
Chinese writing Japanese
Japanese
landscape
Japanese
architecture
writing
art
In the mid-700s Buddhism was
introduced in Japan from China & Korea
Buddhism was accepted
An example of
by Japanese emperors,
religious blending
but in Japanese society,
was Zen Buddhism
Buddhism & Shinto blended
Classical Japan during the Heian Period
■?
From 794-1185, Japan entered a
classical era during the Heian Period
During this time, the
imperial gov’t was strong
& Japan experienced an
era of peace and prosperity
Japan developed a
“golden age” in poetry,
art, & literature
Japanese Feudalism
By
the
mid-1000s,
the
imperial
gov’t
grew
■?weak, regional landowners gained power,
& Japan became lawless & dangerous
Outlaws attacked farmers &
pirates attacked the coast
Rival clans competed for power &
threw Japan into a series of civil wars
Quick Class Discussion:
Based on these images, how were
Japanese & European feudal systems similar?
Japanese Feudalism
As a result, Japan
developed a feudal system
Farmers traded
land to strong
warlords called
daimyo who
offered protection
Daimyo were
served by
loyal warriors
called samurai
The emperor
had little power
Japanese Feudalism
Samurai warriors were usually
relatives or dependents of
daimyo, although some were
hired warriors called Ronin
Samurai warriors lived
by a code of Bushido
which demanded
courage, loyalty, deity,
fairness, & honor
Samurai were skilled
swordsmen, but also used
horses & guns (after the
arrival of Europeans)
Japanese Feudalism
In 1192, the first
■shogun
Text was named
by the emperor
The emperor
remained in place,
but the shogun held
real power & ruled
as military dictators
Shoguns’ power
varied over time,
but the pattern of
gov’t controlled by
a shogun lasted
until 1867
Activity
■ Who were the
military leaders,
landowners,
& warriors in
medieval Europe
& feudal Japan?
– How were
they alike?
– How were
they different?
■ Essential Question:
■ What roles did Oda Nobunaga,
Toyotomi Hideyoshi, & Tokugawa
Ieyasu, play in unifying Japan?
■ Name three ways Japanese feudalism
was similar to European feudalism.
From 1560 to 1600 , three powerful
daimyo, known as the three unifiers,
began to restore order & unify Japan
Oda Nobunaga
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Tokugawa Ieyasu
From 1560 to 1600 , three powerful
daimyo, known as the three unifiers,
began to restore order & unify Japan
Oda Nobunaga
Toyotomi In
Hideyoshi
Tokugawa
Ieyasu
1568, a brutal daimyo
named Oda Nobunaga
conquered the Japanese
capital of Kyoto
Oda seized power by force,
was the first to use guns
effectively, & eliminated
Buddhist rivals that refused to
accept rule by the emperor
By the time of his death in
1582, Japan was not unified
From 1560 to 1600 , three powerful
daimyo, known as the three unifiers,
began to restore order & unify Japan
Oda Nobunaga Toyotomi
Hideyoshi
Tokugawa
Ieyasu
Oda
Nobunaga’s
best general
was Toyotomi Hideyoshi who
took over after Oda’s death
Toyotomi was resourceful
& not ruthless like Oda;
He used political alliances,
adoption, & marriage to gain
power over the daimyo
By 1590, Toyotomi Hideyoshi
controlled most of Japan
& tried unsuccessfully to
conquer Korea
From 1560 to 1600 , three powerful
daimyo, known as the three unifiers,
began to restore order & unify Japan
Oda
Tokugawa Ieyasu
AfterNobunaga
Toyotomi ‘sToyotomi
death inHideyoshi
1598,
one of his daimyo allies named
Tokugawa Ieyasu completed the
unification of Japan in 1600
In 1603, Tokugawa became
shogun of Japan, moved to
capital to Edo (later called Tokyo),
& restored gov’t & order to Japan
Tokugawa ruled until 1615, but
he created a line of succession
called the Tokugawa Shogunate
that ruled Japan until 1867
Tokugawa Shogunate
For more than 250 years,
Tokugawa’s successors
ruled Japan as shoguns
During this time, Japan
benefited from peace;
The economy boomed &
became more commercial
Tokugawa Shogunate
European merchants Tokugawa enjoyed trade with
& missionaries first Europeans & was fascinated
arrived in Japan
to learn about their military,
in the mid-1500s
new technologies, & ideas
Tokugawa Shogunate
Between1549 & 1600,
European missionaries
had converted 300,000
Japanese to Christianity
This upset Tokugawa
because the missionaries
ignored Japanese cultural
beliefs & laws
In 1612, Tokugawa
banned Christianity &
began ruthlessly
persecuting Christians
All Japanese were forced
to be faithful to Buddhism
Execution of Christians
Japanese Isolationism
Tokugawa
shoguns
decided to
exclude foreign
merchants &
missionaries
By 1639, Japan
adopted a
“closed country
policy” &
ended almost all
foreign contacts
Japanese isolation
NagasakiDuring
Bay this era of isolation,
remained in place
Japan had profitable trade,
for over 200 years
became self-sufficient,
until the 1850s
limited foreign ideas, & reduced
Europe’s ability to colonize Japan
Deshima
Dutch Ships
Japan
One Japanese port at Deshima in
Nagasaki Bay remained open but
only to Dutch & Chinese merchants
Portuguese traders brought the first firearms to Japan in 1543 and thirty years later thousands of matchlock
weapons were being used by Japanese armies. Yet when American navy vessels arrived in Japan in the 1850s
there was almost no knowledge of guns to be found in Japan. What happened to bring about this
unexpected reversal of technology? To unravel the question and look back at sixteenth century Japan, you
will assume the role of a samurai advisor to the Tokugawa Shogun. He has asked for information as to
whether to allow the continued influence of western guns in Japan or to end the use of firearms in the
country in order to preserve traditional Japanese society. In groups you will examine five samurai positions
on the question. You should present a convincing plea based on historical and cultural evidence you can
discover in order to develop your position. In a culminating presentation to the shogun, you should present
the accurate argument for your position (you may write a letter to the shogun presenting your position). This
exercise should reflect 1) the growing influence of western ideas and technology on Japan, and 2) Japan’s
ultimate rejection of westernization by establishing isolation. The shogun should then determine the most
persuasive arguments.
Assume one of the following samurai arguments:
1. Even farmers have been able to join armies and to be warriors. If common folk are allowed to be warriors,
our position of the elite of the nation is in jeopardy.
2. Our islands are difficult to invade, our warriors are formidable fighters and our traditional weapons are
enough to maintain our safety.
3. Foreign ideas and foreign ideas have injured the purity of our traditional practices. Christianity and
foreign business practice are changing our traditional patterns of society.
4. The sword is a much better philosophical symbol for our nation. Swords are artistic and often serve as
metaphors for human characteristics. We should not give up this element of our society.
5. Grace and elegance combine with the practice of swordsmanship. This benefits the training and
development of the samurai. Guns demand ungraceful body positions and are undignified.