Transcript World History: Patterns of Interaction

World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
African Civilizations, 1500 B.C.-A.D. 700
African cultures adapt to harsh environments, spread through major migrations, and
establish powerful kingdoms.
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
African Civilizations, 1500 B.C.-A.D. 700
SECTION 1
Diverse Societies in Africa
SECTION 2
CASE STUDY: Migration
SECTION 3
The Kingdom of Aksum
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Section-1
Diverse Societies in Africa
African peoples develop diverse societies as they adapt to varied environments.
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Section-1
Diverse Societies in Africa
A Land of Geographic Contrasts
Geography of Africa
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Large continent but coastline has few ports, harbors, or inlets
Challenging Environments
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Africa has many deserts, including huge Sahara
The southern edge of the expanding Sahara is called the Sahel
Rainforests found near central part of continent
Welcoming Lands
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Northern coast and southern tip of Africa have Mediterranean climates
Savannas, or grasslands, cover almost half of Africa
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Early Humans Adapt to Their Environments
Nomadic Lifestyle
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Earliest people are nomadic hunter-gatherers
Herders drive animals to find water, graze pastures
Transition to a Settled Lifestyle
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Agriculture probably develops by 6000 B.C.
As the Sahara dried up, farmers move to West Africa or Nile Valley
Agriculture allows permanent settlement, governments to develop
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Early Societies in Africa
Societies Organized by Family Groups
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Extended families made up of several generations
Families with common ancestors form groups known as clans
Local Religions
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Early religions usually include elements of animism—belief in spirits
Keeping a History
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Few African societies have written languages
History, literature, culture passed on by storytellers called griots
Cultures in West Africa are advanced long before outsiders arrive
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
West African Iron Age
Learning About the Past
• Artifacts reveal how people lived in the past
• Evidence of sub-Saharan cultures producing iron around 500 B.C.
The Nok Culture
• Nok—West Africa’s earliest known culture—made iron tools, weapons
Djenné-Djeno
• From 600–200 B.C., cities begin to develop near rivers, oases
• Djenné-Djeno—Africa’s oldest known city (250 B.C.), discovered in 1977
• Bustling trade center; linked West African towns, camel trade routes
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Section-2
Migration
Case Study: Bantu-Speaking Peoples
Relocation of large numbers of Bantu-speaking people brings cultural diffusion and
change to southern Africa.
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Section-2
Migration
Case Study: Bantu-Speaking Peoples
People on the Move
Migration
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Migration—permanent move to new place; a pattern in human culture
Causes of Migration
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Push-pull factors—Conditions that push people out of an area or pull them in
Effects of Migration
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Brings diverse cultures into contact; changes life in the new land
Tracing Migration Through Language
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One way to trace migration is to study how languages spread
Africa has many complex language families
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Massive Migrations
Bantu-speaking Peoples
• Bantu-speaking peoples—early Africans who spread culture and language
• Originally lived in savanna south of Sahara; now southeastern Nigeria
• The word Bantu means “the people”
Migration Begins
• Bantu speakers migrate south and east starting about 3000 B.C.
• Live by slash-and-burn farming, nomadic herding
• Share skills, learn new customs, adapt to environment
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
2
Massive Migrations
Causes of Migration
• Bantu speakers move to find farmland, flee growing Sahara
• Need iron ore resources and hardwood forests for iron smelting
• Within 1,500 years they reach southern tip of Africa
Effects of the Migration
• Bantu speakers drive out some inhabitants; intermix with others
• Bantu migrations produce a great variety of cultures
• Language helps unify the continent
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Section-3
The Kingdom of Aksum
The kingdom of Aksum becomes an international trading power and adopts Christianity.
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Section-3
The Kingdom of Aksum
The Rise of the Kingdom of Aksum
Aksum’s Geography
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Aksum—kingdom replaces Kush in East Africa; blend of Africans, Arabs
Located on Horn of Africa, modern day Ethiopia and Eritrea
Trading kingdom linking Africa and Indian Ocean trade routes
The Origins of Aksum
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Land first mentioned in Greek guidebook in A.D. 100
Rulers take control of areas around Blue Nile and Red Sea
Dynasty of Aksum rules until 1975; ends with death of Haile Selassie
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
The Rise of the Kingdom of Aksum {continued}
Aksum Controls International Trade
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Aksum is hub for caravan routes to Egypt and Meroë
Adulis, chief port, has access to Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean
A Strong Ruler Expands the Kingdom
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King Ezana—strong ruler of Aksum from A.D. 325 to 360
He conquers part of Arabian peninsula, now Yemen
In 350 conquers Kushites and burns Meroë to ground
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
An International Culture Develops
Aksum Culture
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Blended cultural traditions of Arab peoples and Kushites
Adulis population: Egyptian, Arabian, Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian
Greek is international language; Aksumites trade gold to Rome
Aksumite Religion
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Believe in one god, Mahrem, and that king descended from him
Are animists—worship spirits of nature and ancestors
Exposed to Christianity by traders
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
An International Culture Develops {continued}
Aksum Becomes Christian
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Young King Ezana educated by Christian man from Syria
As ruler, Ezana declares Christianity as kingdom’s official religion
Aksum, now part of Ethiopia, still home to millions of Christians
Aksumite Innovations
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Written language, minted coins, irrigation canals and dams
Aksumites invent terrace farming due to hilly location
Terraces—step like ridges constructed on mountain slopes
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
The Fall of Aksum
Islam
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Aksum kingdom lasts 800 years; witnesses rise of Islam religion
Followers of prophet Muhammad conquer all of Arabia by 632
Islamic Invaders
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Between A.D. 632 and 710, Islamic invaders leave Aksum alone
In A.D. 710, they attack port city of Adulis, causing Aksum’s decline
Aksum Isolated
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As Islam spreads, Aksum rulers move capital to northern Ethiopia
Isolation, soil erosion, deforestation cause loss of remaining power
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
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Chapter 8
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