Transcript presentation (PowerPoint)

Estonian presentation –
neighbours in our history
textbooks
Mare Oja, Heli Aiaots, Ülle Kõiv, Hilje Saag,
Ivo Maripuu, Aare Ristikivi, Indrek Riigor
RIGA 2007
HISTORY TEACHING
(National Curriculum 2002)
FORM AND AGE
TITLE OF THE COURSE
HOURS
PER YEAR
Form 5 (11 – 12)
Propedeutical course (Introductory course)
35
Form 5 (12 - 13)
Ancient History
70
Form 5 (13 – 14)
Medieval History
70
Form 5 (14 – 15)
Modern History
70
Form 5 (15 – 16)
Contemporary History
70
Gymnasium (16 – 17)
History of Estonia
70
Gymnasium (17 – 18)
Human – Society – Culture
105
Gymnasium (18 – 19)
History of the 20th Century
70
Main principles:
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Two concentres
Chronological approach on the Basic School level (history of Estonia
is integrated into the World History course) and thematic approach
on the Gymnasium level (History of Estonia is a separate course)
Course system
From closer to wider perspective (I, my home, Estonia, Europe, the
World)
Accent from What? and When? to Why? and How?
Different interpretations and viewpoints
Freedom and responsibility of teachers
National Examination Test in history (since 1997)
Access on skills
New educational situation and approach: multicultural education,
integration, NATO, European Union, importance of everyday life of
people during centuries
Latvia
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Igaunija = Ugandi
Toreida = Turaida
Cesis = Võnnu
Valmiera = Volmari
Ergeme = Härgmäe
Ainaži = Heinaste
Daugava river = Väina river
5 most common aspects
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The Cruisade of Livonia
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The Livonian Confederation
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The birth of independent Estonia and Latvia
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1939-1940 Soviet occupation started
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The National Movement and 1991, when Estonia and Latvia
returned to independence
The Crusade of Livonia
source: Henrik’s Livonian Chronicle
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Estonians and its South neigbours: Livs, Curonians, Latgals and
Zemgals
1180s – Bishop Meinhard
1196 – Bishop Berthold
1199 – Bishop Albert
1201 – the establisment of Riga
1202 – Livonian Brothers of the Sword
1208-1227 – Estonians fighting for freedom
The Livonian Confederation
The independent states Estonia and Latvia
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1917 the autonomy of unified Province of Estonia
24.02.1918 Estonia declared its independence
18.11.1918 Latvia declared its independence
28.11.1918-02.02.1920 Estonian War of Independence
The Overthrow of Karlis Ulmanis’ Government by Landeswehr
and Iron Division
June, 1919 Landeswehr War in Latvian territory – 23.06.1919
victory in Battle of Võnnu (Cesis) became the Victory Day of
Estonia
June, 1919 Battle of Riga – Estonian troops helped Latvian
government to regain its power
The Aventure of Bemondt-Avalov and Latvian War of
Independence
1939-1940
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23.08.1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact (known as Molotov-Ribbentrop
Pact)
1939 Soviet bases were build on to Estonia and Latvia – the Age
of Bases
The Leaving of Baltic Germans (Umsiedlung) – the end of old
culture
1940 Soviet occupation started:
 June – military occupation and overthrow of Baltic governments
 July – new “elections”
 August – formal annexion to Soviet Union
National Movements in 1980s
Return to Independence in 1991
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The Peoples Front in Baltic states (Rahvarinne, Tautas Frontes,
Sajudis)
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23.08.1989 The Baltic Chain
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January 1991 Bloodbath in Vilnius and Riga
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20.08.1991 Estonia redeclared its independence
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21.08.1991 Latvia redeclared its independence
Some Facts about Estonian and Latvian History
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1180-1227 The Crusade of Livonia (1290 last stronghold of the Semgals brought
under by Germans)
13th – 16th century The Livonian Confederation / The Old Livonia
1558-1582 The Livonian War (Poland vs Russia vs Sweden)
The Polish in Latvia and South-Estonia = future Province of Livonia
The Swedish in North-Estonia = future Province of Estonia
The Swedish period 1629-1710
1700-1721 The Great Northern War
1710-1917 The Russian Empire
1918 Estonia and Latvia declared its independence
1918-1920 Estonian War of Independence
1919-1920 Latvian War of Independence
1940 Estonia and Latvia lose their independence
1940-1941 First Soviet occupation
14.06.1941 and 25.03.1949 Mass Deportations to Siberia
1941-1944 German occupation
1944-1991 Soviet occupation
1991 Estonia and Latvia regain independence
2004 Estonia and Latvia become the members of the European Union and
NATO
Russia
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Russia has plaid an important role in world history, especially in
20th century. So we teach the Russian history as the important
part of general history, especially history of 20th century.
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As Estonia was two centuries part of Russian Empire and half of
century part of Soviet Union, we approach Russian history topics
connected with Estonian history.
Form 7 – The Middle Ages
 Genesis of Old Russian state and relations between our
forefathers and Old Novgorod and Old Kiev
 Relations between Livonian Order and Russian principalities…
 … and Livonian War in 16th century
Form 8 – The Modern Era
 The Northern War and beginning of Russian Era in Estonia
 Absolutism in Russia by Peter I and Catherine II
 Napoleon’s campaign against Russia, Borodino battle
 Reforms of Alexander I, when the peasants in Estonia and Latvia
were released from serfdom
 Russification period by Alexander III
 The First Russian Revolution in 1905
 Russia in World War I
 Revolutions in Russia in 1917, Civil War
Form 9 – History of the 20th century
Genesis of Soviet Union and short history of USSR
between World War I and World War II
 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and its issues: occupation of
Baltic states, first soviet year
 Russian (Soviet) history according World War II
 Soviet Union after World War II till 1985: domestic policy,
economy
 Cold War:
 Soviet Union against United States
 Soviet Union and socialist countries in East Europe.
 Gorbachev’s perestroika-policy and disintegration of
Soviet Union.
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In gymnasium (form 12) our pupils, study the
depth course of 20th century.
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In principle, the same curriculum is in our
Russian-language schools. The curriculum
gives to school and/or the teacher opportunity
to teach 1/3 of the content of the history
course what ever they want to.
Sweden
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Probably the second best represented
neighbor country in our history textbooks
after Russia. In the context of Estonian
history as well as that of the world.
In the World history textbooks
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High school World history textbooks have all together 604 pages,
Sweden is mentioned on 46 of them
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Mostly neutral
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Longer topics are: Vikings, the Reformation, fight for the
supremacy of the Baltic Sea
In the World history textbooks
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Mentioned: Rjurik,
peasants were
represented in the
Riksdag, Uppsala
University, Karl Linne,
Nobel, Norway’s
breakaway from
Sweden, Ingmar
Bergman, ABBA
In Estonian history books
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High school Estonian history textbooks have all together 240
pages, Sweden is mentioned on 62 of them, so it’s almost on
every 4th page
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23 times it is something negative (for example looting Narva
during the Livonian war, extradition of Baltic immigrants to the
USSR after the Second World War etc)
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23 times it’s something positive (e.g. founding of the University of
Tartu, Baltic Mondays etc)
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Positive information seems to be predominant
Ancient History (10, 000 BC – 13th cen)
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Copper and iron imported from Sweden
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There were some attacks against Estonia, but also – King Ingvar
was killed in Estonia and we conquered Sigtuna (maybe)
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Sweden tried to introduce Christianity in Estonia without military
force
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Swedish attack 1220 was fended off
Middle ages (13th -16th cen)
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Sweden promised to send reinforcements during the
1343–1345 uprising of Estonians against the foreign
rule
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North-Estonia voluntarily accepted the Swedish
overlordship in 1561
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Estonians were on the Swedish side in the Livonian
war
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Looting Narva during the Livonian war by permission
of De la Gardie
The Good Old Swedish Time (16th-17th cen)
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During this period, majority of the peasantry lost their freedom
and became serfs, but in the end their status changed, to the
extent that one might speak of the abolition of serfdom on
reduced holdings
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Lutherian became as a state religion
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The witchcraft trials, but also the establishment of village
schools, gymnasiums and Tartu University
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The first industries were established
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Great Famine, during which Sweden still exported the grain
The Good Old Swedish Time
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Names that are familiar to
every Estonian: Johan
Skytte, Bengt Gottfried
Forselius, Charles XI,
Charles XII
20th century
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Volunteers from Sweden in the Estonian War of Independence,
but Sweden recognize Estonia de jure only in 1921
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King Gustav V’s visit in 1929
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Estonian kroons were transferred to the basis of Swedish krona
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After World War II, recognition of the Soviet occupation in 1940
and deportation of Baltic refugees, but later the main center of
foreign-Estonians
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Supporting Estonian strive for independence in the 1980s
Finland
Basic school
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Comb Ceramic and Battle Axe Culture are
mentioned
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Accepting Christianity
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Kalmar Union
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Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire (1809–1917)
Form 9 (20th century)
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On December 6, 1917 Finland declared its independence
Finnish Civil War (war between Finland and Soviet Russia), the
victory of the White side
Karl Gustav Mannerheim
Treaty of Tartu October 14, 1920
Estonian War of Independence and Finnish volunteers
The attemps to create Baltic Union between Estonia, Finland,
Latvia, Lithuania and Poland – failed
Construction of the Mannerheim Line
Lapua Movement
Molotov-Ribbentrop (Nazi-Soviet) Pact and map showing the
spheres of influences
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The Winter War – 1 chapter, pictures:
 The USSR demands
 The Shelling of Mainila
 November 20, 1939 USSR invaded Finland
 The USSR is expelled from the League of Nations
 The Moscow Peace Treaty (1940)
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Continuation War (1941 – 1944)
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Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
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War reparations (Finland was the only country, which has fully
paid war reparations)
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Finland between the East and West – 1 chapter
The post-war era was a period of rapid economic growth
Agrarian country was transformed into a technologically
advanced country
Social welfare system
Paasikivi-Kekkonen’s Line
Finlandization
Kekkonen’s visit to Estonia
Finnish TV
Bilateral trade
Soviet Union fell in 1991 the depression 1990 – 1993
in Finland
Finland joined the European Union in 1995
High school
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Kalmar Union
The Great Northern War
Russia annexed Finland from Sweden in 1809
The eastern provinces became the autonomous Grand
Duchy of Finland within the Russian Empire
The Congress of Vienna
Russia was allowed to keep Finland and held it until 1917
Finland and the Baltic countries in the Russian Empire
Governor-General of Finland Nikolai Bobrikov
The "February Manifesto“(1899)
Petition to Nicholas II requesting to revoke the manifesto
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1904 Bobrikov was assassinated by Eugen Schauman in
Helsinki
Collapse of the Russian Empire and the new states
(map)
Finland declared its independence in 1917
Finnish Civil War
Finnish Republic (1919)
The Lapua Movement
MRP
The Winter War
Continuation War (1941–1944)
War reparations
Finland after the WW II and during the Cold War
Lithuania
Basic school:
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Baltic peoples are mentioned
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania – 4 pages
 Emergence of the State
 Gediminas
 The Polish–Lithuanian union
 The battle of Grünwald
 The position of Lithuania in the union
Illustrations:
 Mindaugas; Jagailo and Jadviga union; Trakai;
 The Crusades – the battle of Saule 1236
Lithuania became part of Russia during the rule of
Catherine II
20th century
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The Lithuanian independence is mentioned as a result of the
decomposition of the Russian Empire
The attempts to create the Baltic Union in the 1920s and the
contradictions between countries, the Polish–Lithuanian dispute
over Vilnius
Neutrality in 1938 along with Estonia and Latvia
The occupation of Klaipeda by Germany in 1939
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
Occupation of the Baltic countries in 1940, Lithuania in June 15
The Soviet period – conflicts emerged with the Lithuanian freedom
fighters
The collapse of the USSR
 The Vilnius TV–tower occupied, the events of January 13 1991
 referendum for the independence of Lithuania
 Recognition of the independence of the Baltic countries
 Acceptance to the UN
High School
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Findings of flint stone in the Pulli settlement in South
Lithuania
Lithuanians as strong rivals at the end of the prehistoric
period who had many devastating attacks to Estonia
1236 – the battle of Saule
1260 – in the battle of Durbe Estonians and Curonians
went over to the Lithuanian side
1263 – Lithuanians looted Old Pärnu
Lithuanians accepting Christianity and the Krevo Union
The battle of Grünwald
There might have been 170–170.000 Lithuanians at the
beginning of the 13th century (Estonians almost as much)
Poland and Lithuania in the Livonian War
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The Baltic countries at the beginning of the 20th century –
emigration from Lithuania and the appearance of active refugee
groups
1905 – the summon of the Seim in Lithuania, claiming for
autonomy, the movement forced back by Russia
The idea of re-independence spreading in Lithuania already
before the WW I. At the end WW I support was sought from
Germany – Germany had to give up some territories to Lithuania
The peace treaties of 1920
1926 – Lithuania renounced democracy, the coup d’état of
Smetona, the question of Vilnius and Klaipeda
March 23 1939 Germany’s ultimatum to Lithuania, occupation of
Klaipeda
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, accepting Soviet military bases on
October 10 1939, the Lithuanian saying ‘We’ve won Vilnius but
lost Lithuania’
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The occupation of the Baltic countries
The ultimatum of June 14, the occupation of Lithuania on June
15
The Soviet occupation, the resistance movement: the important
role of the Church in Lithuania, the underground Cronicle of
Lithuanian Catholic Church, the Baltic Appeal
The Lithuanian ethnic majority dropping to 79 per cent.
The restoration of independence
 January 13 in Vilnius
 The Baltic Chain
Poland
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Livonian War
King Sigismund II – Polish rule in southern part of
Estonia
Jesuits in Tartu – seminar
Recatholisation
Partitions of Poland by Russia, Prussia and Austria
Polish autonomy and independence. Joseph Pilsutsky
MRP. Submarine Orzel
WW II, Katyn, Polish Jews and the Holocaust, Warshaw
uprising
Poland in Soviet period, 1980s and Solidarnosc, Lech
Walesa
Pope John Paul II and the role of catholic church in
communist time
Denmark, Norway and Iceland
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There are more discussions about Danish
history, especially in relation to Estonian
history (13th-16th century)
There is less information and discussions
about Norwegian and Icelandic history
Generally Scandinavian or Northern countries
are dealt with
At high school level we repeat more deeply
what we studied in the basic school level
Vikings
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The culture of Vikings (f.e. Runic writing, religion, Elder Edda etc)
Englands war against Danes-Normans, attacks of Norwegian
Vikings to Scotland's coast
Old-Russian country and Normans (theories)
Transit trade routes across Estonia to the Byzantium and Orient
countries
Discovery trips:
 Eric the Red founded the first Nordic settlement in Greenland
 Leif Ericson, an Icelandic explorer
 Discovery of America
Campaigns to Estonia, sagas: Norwegian prince Halfdan White
died in Estonia, Estonian seafares captured Norwegian queen
Astrid and her son Olaf and tried to sell them as slaves
Vikings ships
Establishment the country and Christianisation
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Beginning of the statehood of the Denmark, Christianisation
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13th century – Denmark as superpower/empire by the Baltic Sea
(Valdemar II (1202-1241))
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Norway: consolidation of Christianisation in the middle of 12th
century, beginning the statehood at the beginning of 13th century
Foreign conquest and christianisation in
Estonia in 13th century
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The role of Denmark of conquest and Christianisation of Estonia
(1219 - Battle of Lyndanise, Valdemar II (the Conqueror),
Dannebrog, the fighting against German and Swedish
crusaders...)
The new Estonian administrative division in middle ages: North
Estonia – possession of the Danish crown, Treaty of Stensby
1238 between Denmark and Livonian Order (the borders)
Danish taxation list Liber Census Daniae: an important
geographic and historic document. The list contains about 500
Estonian place names and names of 114 local vassals.
Valdemar IV Atterdag sold his domains to the Teutonic Order in
1346 (after the St.George Night uprising (1343-1345))
The code of the Lübeck law what Tallinn got 1282 (in the first
page Danish king Erik Klipping and his mother Margareta)
Reformation
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The Reformation: Denmark converted to
Lutheranism in 1536; Denmark entered into a union
with Norway, the Reformation in Norway
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Denmark: Frederik I, Johan Hans Tausen, 1536
Church ordinance, 1545 Ribe´s articles
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Norway: a bishop Olav Engelbergtsson, Denmark
and Norway personal union in 1536 and
Reformation, church service in Danish
Livonian War 1558-1583
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Denmark in Livonian War for
Estonia
Purchasing the Bishopric of
Saare-Lääne by Denmark in
1559, duke Magnus (the
brother Frederik II)
The end of war, Denmark got
the island Saaremaa
1645 Treaty Brömsebro –
Denmark surrendered
Saaremaa to Sweden
Denmark in other wars
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1397-1524 - The Kalmar Union
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The intervention of Denmark in the Thirty
Years' War 1625
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Denmark at the beginning the Northern War
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The unification of Germany: Denmark losts
Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenberg in 1864
Denmark and wars in 20th century
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Treaty of Versailles (1919) – Denmark got back the
area Schleswig-Holstein
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The Estonian War of Independence (1918-1920) –
the volunteers from Denmark in the Estonian Army
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The Second World War: the invasion of German
Nazy Army to Denmark and Norway in April 1940,
the warfare
Democracy
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The progress of democracy in 1920.-1930:
 1913 - Norway adopts full woman suffrage
 1915 - women get the vote in Denmark
 1919 - in Estonia
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Nordic Countries : parliamentary democracy, welfare state
Iceland in 20th century
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The Act of Union, an agreement with Denmark
(1918) recognized Iceland as a fully sovereign state
under the Danish king
During WW II British military forces occupied
Iceland
Iceland formally became an independent republic in
1944 (plebiscite)
Iceland became a member of NATO (1949)
The first country to diplomatically recognize
Estonia's reclaimed independence was ICELAND
(August 22, 1991)
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The culture at the beginning
20th century: Norwegian artist
Edvard Munch (Art Nouveau,
expressionism)
The Scream
Thank You!
Paldies!