Transcript Bell Ringer: April 8 and 9

Bell Ringer
Please answer this prompt fully.
Think of a time when you or one of your friends
was targeted, judged, or ridiculed by another
person/group of people.
• How did it make you or your friend feel?
• What did you want to do to stop it?
• Did you stop it?
Genocides in World History
We will…
Today in class…
Explain six genocides that have occurred in modern history and understand why
they occurred.
You will be able to…
Social Studies
• Identify the location, dates, groups
and events of the six major
genocides in modern world
history.
NEXT TIME/SOON:
Language
• Define: Genocide
• Explain the motivations and
values behind six major
genocides .
What is Genocide?
Genocide
Systematic killing of an
entire race of people
Genocide means any of the following acts committed with
intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical,
racial or religious group, as such:
– Killing members of the group;
– Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of
the group;
– Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life
calculated to bring about its physical destruction in
whole or in part;
– Imposing measures intended to prevent births within
the group;
– Forcibly transferring children of the group to another
group.
• Safari Montage: Genocide
• As you watch the movie, add drawings and
words to the “Genocide Head” to illustrate the
motives and events for each genocide.
• Turn this in at the end of the block!
Preventing Genocide
In 1948, an international promise was made to
prevent and punish genocide.
Raphael
Lemkin
President Reagan signed the 1948 UN
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment
of Genocide in 1988.
First Conviction
On September 2, 1998, the International
Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda issued the first
conviction for genocide after a trial, declaring
Jean-Paul Akayesu guilty for acts he engaged in
and oversaw as mayor of the Rwandan town of
Taba.
The skulls of hundreds of victims rest at
Ntarama memorial, one of dozens of
churches where Tutsis gathered to seek
protection during the 1994 genocide in
Rwanda.
Genocides in the 20th Century
1. Armenians by leaders of the Ottoman Empire
2. Peasants, government and military leaders, and
members of the upper class in the Soviet Union by
Joseph Stalin
3. Educated people, artists, technicians, former
government officials, monks, and minorities by Pol
Pot in Cambodia
4. Tutsi minority by Hutu in Rwanda
5. Muslims and Croats by Bosnian Serbs in the former
Yugoslavia
6. Jews in eastern Europe by Nazis
Folder Activity
For each of the 6 Genocides:
– Take notes – dates, murderers, group killed,
number of people killed
– Classify genocide according to type – you will
need to discuss this
– Discuss the Niemoller quote and answer the
reflection question
– Locate & label the location of each genocide on
your map
Reflection
Martin Niemoller was a protestant who lived during World War II.
He is well known for his quote below that describes the Holocaust.
“First they came for the communists, and I did not speak out because I was not a communist; Then they came for the socialists,
and I did not speak out - because I was not a socialist; Then they
came for the trade unionists, and I did not speak out - because I
was not a trade unionist; Then they came for the Jews, and I did
not speak out - because I was not a Jew; Then they came for me and there was no one left to speak out for me.”
What does the quote tell us about speaking up against injustices?
What can be done about prejudice and hate so that history never
again sees something horrible as the Holocaust?
Armenian Genocide
•
•
•
•
•
Murderer(s): Ottoman Turks
Location: Ottoman Empire
Group Killed: Armenian Christians
Year(s): 1915 – 1918
1.5 - 2 million deaths
Armenian Genocide
• First Genocide of the 20th Century.
• Armenian Christians living in Turkey were
forced to leave their historic homeland
through forced deportation (death marches)
and massacres
• Allied Powers warned Turkey to stop, but this
warning had no effect
• Turks also destroyed architecture, including
churches, schools, libraries, and old records.
“In many cases the men were (those of military age were nearly all in the
army) bound tightly together with ropes or chains. Women with little children
in their arms, or in the last days of pregnancy were driven along under the
whip like cattle. Three different cases came under my knowledge where the
woman was delivered on the road, and because her brutal driver hurried her
along she died of hemorrhage. I also know of one case where the gendarme
in charge was a humane man, and allowed the poor woman several hours rest
and then procured a wagon for her to ride in. Some women became so
completely worn out and hopeless that they left their infants beside the road.
Many women and girls have been outraged. At one place the commander of
the gendarmerie openly told the men to whom he consigned a large
company, that they were at liberty to do what they choose with the women
and girls.”
From a report received by the American Consul General at Beirut relative to what has been
going on in the Zeitoon region of Asiatic Turkey
Discussion Questions
1. What different things happened to Armenian women on the march?
2. Why do you think a mother would leave her baby beside the road?
The Holocaust
•
•
•
•
•
Murderer(s): Nazis
Location: Eastern Europe
Group Killed: Jews
Year(s): 1939-1945
6 million deaths
When the Second World War began in September 1939, Krulik was 9 years old. Bombs
began falling on his home town in Poland almost at once, and the family hid in the
cellar. 'It was horrendous. People were sobbing, praying, calling out...' Schools were
closed, and in October the town's Jewish families (24,000 people) were ordered to
live, isolated from the rest of the Poles, in a 'ghetto' marked off for them.
Life was hard in the ghetto. For a time Krulik's father had no job. Being small, Krulik
learned how to get in and out of the ghetto without being noticed. With some other
boys, he smuggled in tobacco and cigarettes and sold them in the streets to make
money. Once he was caught by six Gestapo men, who 'kicked me around like a
football'.
Every Jew over the age of 12 had to wear an armband with the star of David on it.
Discussion Questions
The forced isolation of groups of people of the same nationality, race or
religion is one of the many steps that can lead to genocide and war.
Do you think isolating a group, like the Jews during the 1930’s, would be
easy to do? Why or Why not?
Stalin’s Great
Purge
• Murderer(s): Joseph Stalin
• Location: USSR
• Group Killed: Peasants,
government and military leaders,
and members of the upper class
• Year(s): 1930s
Stalin’s Great Purge
Approximately 20 million killed
– 14.5 million starved to death
in forced famines
– 1 million executed for political
offenses (“enemies of the
people”)
– 9.5 million deported, exiled,
or imprisoned in work camps
(if sent to Gulag Archipelago
you never returned alive)
Witness’ Statement:
'We had a communal farm in Ukraine attached to my regiment. Everything
was fine until last year (1932). Then we began to get letters asking for food.
We sent what we could, but I didn't discover what had happened until I went
to the farm only a month ago (March 1933). My God, you wouldn't believe it.
The people were starving. Their animals were dead. There wasn't even a cat
or dog in the whole village, and that was no good sign. Instead of 250 families
there were only 73, and all of them were half-starved. They told me their
seed grain was taken away last spring. "The order came that our farm must
deliver 500 tons of grain. We needed 400 tons to sow our fields, and we only
had 600 tons. But we gave the grain as ordered." And remember, these folks
weren't kulaks, weren't class enemies. They were our own people. I was
horrified.'
Discussion Questions
1. What did the young soldier discover was happening to the seed grain?
2. Why would seed grain be important to peasants?
3. Why was the soldier so “horrified” by what he saw?
Cambodian Genocide
• Murderer(s): Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge
• Location: Cambodia
• Group Killed: Monks, educated people, artists,
government officials
• Year(s): 1975-1979
Cambodian Genocide
• Approximately 2 million deaths
• Leader Pol Pot tried to form a
Communist peasant farming
society resulting in 25% of the
country’s population dying from
starvation, over work, or
executions.
• Pol Pot tried to “purify” the
country by getting rid of educated
people, artists, technicians,
former government officials,
monks, and minorities.
A witness’ report:
'I was a foreign journalist in Phnom Penh when the Khmer Rouge marched in
victorious in April 17, 1975, their faces cold, a deadness in their eyes. They
ordered the city evacuated. Everyone was to head for the countryside to join
the revolution. They killed those who argued against leaving. The guerrilla
soldiers even ordered the wounded - between five and ten thousand of them
- out of overflowing hospitals where the casualties had been so heavy in the
last days of the war that the floors were slick with blood. Most couldn't walk,
so their relatives wheeled them out on their beds, with plasma and serum
bags attached, and began rushing them along the streets. I watched many
Cambodian friends being herded out of Phnom Penh. Most of them I never
saw again. All of us felt like betrayers, like people who were protected and
didn't do enough to save our friends. We felt shame. We still do.'
Discussion Questions
1. Why does this journalist feel guilty?
2. Do you think he could have done something to protect his Cambodian friends?
Rwandan Genocide
•
•
•
•
Murderer(s): Hutus
Location: Rwanda
Group Killed: Tutsi (minority)
Year(s): 1994
Rwandan Genocide
Approximately 800,000 deaths
• Rwanda was a colony of Belgium:
– Hutu (90%)—peasants of Rwanda
– Tutsi (10%)—high class of Rwanda & used by Belgians to run the
colony
• Rwanda became independent Belgium in 1962 & the Hutu majority
seized power
• In 1994 Hutu extremists launched a plan to murder the country's
entire Tutsi minority & any others who opposed the government's
policies.
• Began, April 6, 1994 and lasted 100 days.
• Tutsis were killed by the Hutu militia using clubs and machetes.
• As many as 10,000 were killed each day.
A witness’ report:
“Those victims who escaped death carry on as best they can,
often not very well. What they say today is what they said
yesterday and what they will go on saying: for them time came
to a halt and they can find no peace of mind. They complain that
they have been abandoned. They are the ones who have to face
all the grievances, sometimes compassion, sometimes others'
shame for what they have done.”
Discussion Questions
In Rwanda today Tutsi refugees have returned and now live along side their Hutu
murderers.
1. How do you think the Hutu can make up for what they did?
2. How do you think the Tutsi are able to forgive?
Bosnian Serb Genocide
•
•
•
•
Murderer(s): Bosnian Serbs
Location: former Yugoslavia
Group Killed: Croats and Muslims
Year(s): 1992 –
1995
Bosnian Serb Genocide
Approximately 200,000 deaths; 1 million refugees
• Yugoslavia was composed of ethnic and religious
groups that had been historical rivals, even bitter
enemies, including the Serbs (Orthodox Christians),
Croats (Catholics) and ethnic Albanians (Muslims).
• The Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina was created
after the break up of the Soviet Union and
Yugoslavia.
• The conflict between the three main ethnic groups
(Serbs, Croats, Muslims), resulted in genocide
committed by the Serbs against the Muslims (“ethnic
cleansing”).
– In July 1995, Bosnian Serb forces killed as many as 8,000
Bosnians from Srebrenica. It was the largest massacre in
Europe since the Holocaust.
In 1995, NATO started air strikes against Bosnian Serbs to try to
stop the attacks against Bosnian Muslims. The conflict in Bosnia
finally ended with the U.S.-led negotiations in Dayton, Ohio (The
Dayton Peace Accords). A force was created to maintain the
cease-fire. The International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia
(ICTY brought Serbian President Milosevic and more than 160
Serbs to trial for their crimes against humanity and the murder
of more than 200,000. Many low-ranking officers were tried and
sentenced to prison. Because atrocities were committed on all
sides, convictions included Serb, Croat and Bosnian Muslims.
Serbians and Bosnian Serbs have faced the majority of the
charges.
Discussion Questions
1. What do you think “the world” can do to stop genocide before it occurs?
2. What about during or after such an event?