Transcript Central Nervous System

Central Nervous System
Neuron
Review
Video
You Need: Blue, Yellow, Green and Pink Pencils
CNS=Central Nervous System
Main parts of the CNS:
1. BRAIN (cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem)
 A large mass of nerve cells located in the
cranium
2. SPINAL CORD
 Carries information (nerve impulses)
between the body and brain
 Is the reflex center
1. The Brain
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain
Stem
Protection for the Brain
What happened to Phineas Gage?
Intro Video
Questions
1) How did Phineas Gage change after the
accident?
2) How did Phineas Gage’s accident
change scientists’ understanding of the
brain?
A. Cerebrum
Made up of 2 hemispheres, each controlling one
half of the body
• The left hemisphere controls the right side
of the body, logical thinking, mathematical
thinking, language, problem-solving and
comparing information
• The right hemisphere controls the left side
of the body, artistic expression, creativity
and spatial understanding (ex. reading a
map)
White Matter and Gray Matter
• The cerebrum is
composed of:
– gray matter (cell
bodies which
process information)
– white matter (axons
of neurons which
convey messages).
A. The Cerebrum
• Also known as the cerebral cortex, is
divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal,
occipital and temporal
– Each lobe has its own particular
responsibilities:
• Frontal: movement, thinking, problemsolving
• Parietal: touch, pain and pressure
information
• Occipital: visual information
• Temporal: auditory information
The Cerebrum
Basics of the Brain: to 3:45
Probe the Brain
• Beginning in the 1940s, Canadian brain surgeon
Wilder Penfield mapped the brain's motor cortex
-- the area that controls the movement of your
body's muscles. He found the secrets to
epileptic seizures…
• He did this by applying mild electric currents to
the exposed brains of patients while they were in
surgery.
•Canadian Heritage Moment: Burnt Toast
B. Cerebellum (“small brain”)
• Coordinates
– movement
– Balance
– learned skills
B. Cerebellum
• Receives messages from most of the
muscles in your body, from the eyes, inner
ear.
• Communicates with the other parts of the
brain
• Sends messages about movement and
balance back to your body.
C. Brain Stem
• Transmits information from the brain to
spinal cord and vice versa.
• Coordinates
– Heartbeat
– Breathing
– Digestion
– Swallowing, Blinking,
– coughing, sneezing
– Sleep, waking & dreaming
2.The Spinal Cord
2. Spinal Cord
• Long tube of nerve tissue running from the
brain down the length of the back inside of
the spine
• Protected by the vertebrae
• Function:
1) carries nerve impulses between the brain
and the rest of the body.
2) Is responsible for reflexes
Damage to the C.N.S.
 Concussion: temporary, hit to the head,
may produce unconsciousness or bleeding
in or around the brain.
 Paralysis: injury to the spinal cord
 Cerebral palsy: lack of muscle control due
to brain damage before or soon after birth
 Epilepsy: muscular seizures and body
convulsions caused by abnormal action
potentials
 Multiple sclerosis: hardening of the nerve
tissue in the brain or spinal cord
Ways to improve the power of your brain…
(or, how to become more intelligent)
Interesting Video: Power of Thoughts
Lead a balanced lifestyle by:
A. Eating a Proper diet:
The nervous system needs a regular supply of B vitamins
because these vitamins:
- strengthen the neurons
- facilitate the transmission of nerve impulses
Foods that are rich in B vitamins are:
- egg yolks, milk, whole grain cereals, fresh meat
B. Exercise regularly
The brain needs 20% of the body’s oxygen to function
properly, so it’s important for your circulatory system be
in tip-top shape. You can achieve this by exercising on a
regular basis.
C. Get enough sleep
While you sleep your neurons reset themselves and
prepare for a new day of activity.
If the body does not get enough sleep:
– Intellectual performance will be impaired
– Reflexes slow down
– It becomes difficult to concentrate
PBS clip: From Zzzz’s to A’s.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/sho
ws/teenbrain/view/ ← Click here
1. How many hours of sleep to you need to get in order to
be fully alert?
2. What is the name of your Biological Timing System and
how does it change during the teenage years?
3. What analogy does the announcer use for a teen that is
trying to function with not enough sleep?
4. What are three daily life functions that sleep affects your
ability to do?
5. What is REM sleep and what happens during this time?
6. What is the best predictor of whether or not you will
succeed at school?
7. What were the results of the study of the relationship
between learning and sleep in teens Charlie and Nicole?
From Zzzz’s to A’s ANSWERS
1. 9 ¼ hours.
2. The circadian clock: it shifts forwards (in the
day) during the teenage years.
3. It’s like a car trying to run on an empty tank.
4. Your mood, your ability to think and your
ability to perform and react appropriately.
5. Rapid Eye Movement. Dreaming and learning
happens during this time.
6. Whether or not you get a good night’s sleep.
7. Nicole got more REM sleep than Charlie did.
She also improved more on the learning tasks
than Charlie; thus, the more REM sleep you get
the better you learn.
Review Questions - CNS
1) What are the main parts of the central
nervous system?
2) What is the brain?
3) What are the 3 major structures of the
brain?
4) What are the 4 different layers of
protection of the brain?
5) What functions are controlled by the left
cerebral hemisphere?
Review Questions - CNS
6) What functions are controlled by the right
cerebral hemisphere?
7) What did the study of Phineas Gage
teach us about the brain?
8) What are the different lobes of the
cerebral cortex and what are their functions?
9) What is the difference between white
matter and grey matter?
10) Who is Wilder Penfield and how did he
contribute to our understanding of the brain?
Review Questions - CNS
11) What is the function of the cerebellum?
12) What parts of your body does the cerebellum
communicate with?
13) What is the function of the brainstem?
14) What is the function of the spinal cord?
15) What protects the spinal cord?
16) What is a consequence of damage to the
spinal cord?
17) What 3 things can you do to improve the
power of you brain?
Review Questions – CNS
1) What are the main parts of the central
nervous system? Brain, spinal cord
2) What is the brain? The brain is the main
organ of the CNS. It is composed of nearly
100 billion nerve cells which are folded
together in order to fit inside the cranium.
3) What are the 3 major structures of the brain?
cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem
4) What are the 4 different layers of protection
of the brain?
1- Cerebrospinal fluid
2 – Meninges
3 – the skull
4 – skin of the scalp
5) What functions are controlled by the left
cerebral hemisphere?
The left hemisphere controls logical
thinking, mathematical thinking, language,
6) What functions are controlled by the right
cerebral hemisphere?
The right hemisphere controls artistic
expression, creativity and spatial
understanding.
7) What did the study of Phineas Gage teach us
about the brain?
The brain is not only responsible for
language and movement but it is also
responsible for determining one’s emotions
and personality.
The Cerebrum
8) What are the different lobes of the cerebral
cortex and what are their functions?
– Frontal: movement, thinking, problem-solving
– Parietal: touch, pain and pressure info.
– Occipital: visual information
– Temporal: auditory information
9) What is the difference between white matter
and grey matter?
Grey matter is a collection of neuronal cell
bodies, including dendrites. It is the region of the
cerebrum where synapses are made.
White matter refers to the collection of axons of
those neurons. It is where nerve fibers are located.
10) Who is Wilder Penfield and how did he
contribute to our understanding of the brain?
Wilder Penfield was a Canadian brain
surgeon whocreated of map of the motor
cortex (which regions of the brain control
which body parts).
11) What is the function of the cerebellum?
The cerebellum coordinates movement and
learned skills. It is also responsible for your sense
of balance.
12) What parts of your body does the cerebellum
communicate with?
Your cerebellum receives messages from most of
the muscles in the body, the eyes, and the inner
ear. It passes on this information to other parts of
the brain.
13) What is the function of the brainstem?
The brainstem transmits information from the
brain to spinal cord and vice versa. It
coordinates a wide range of vital functions
including: heartbeat, breathing, digestion,
swallowing, blinking, coughing, sneezing,
sleep, waking & dreaming.
14) What is the function of the spinal cord?
The spinal cord carries nerve impulses
between the brain and the rest of the body. It
is also responsible for reflexes.
15) What protects the spinal cord?
The vertebrae protect the spinal cord.
16) What is a consequence of damage to the
spinal cord?
Damage to the spinal cord can result in
paraplegia (the loss of movement and
sensation in all 4 limbs) or quadriplegia (the
loss of movement and sensation in the legs).
17) What 3 things can you do to improve the
power of you brain?
Maintain a healthy diet rich in B vitamins,
exercise regularly, and get enough sleep (9 ¼
hours/ night)