Transcript Chemical Messengers in the Nervous System

Chemical Messengers in the
Nervous System
Endorphins and Hormones: two of
the substances that are chemical
messengers in the house
Objectives
1. Describe the different types of
Neurotransmitters (7) AND give examples of
each
2. Use Compare and Contrast Vocabulary such
as: On the other hand, However, but,
nonetheless. To construct your summary.
Scaffolding
• Neurotransmitters make it possible excite or
inhibit another neuron, Chemical release,
determin if fire
• Exist in Brain and spinal cord and Peripheral
nerves
• Nerve circuits effect mood, memory, well
being
• Depends on type of neurotransmitter, level,
and location
chapter 4
Major neurotransmitters
Serotonin
Dopamine
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Norepinephrine
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Glutamate
Endorphins
Types of Neurotransmitters
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1st Serotonin
Affects neurons several areas:
Sleep
Dreams
Appetite
sensory perception
Temp. regulation
Pain suppression
Mood
Serotonin
2nd type Dopamine
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Affects neurons in
Excitement level
Voluntary movements
Learning
Memory
Emotion
Possibility Response to novelty
Dopamine
3rd Acetylcholine-a·ce·tyl·cho·line
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Neurons in:
Muscle action
Muscle contraction
Cognitive functioning
Muscle Memory
Memory
Emotion
Flexing
4th Norepinephrine-nor-ep-ih-NEF-rin
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Affects Neurons in:
Energy Levels
Increased heart rate
Slowing of intestinal activity during stress
Released by Adrenal Gland
5th GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
• Majority inhibitor neurotransmitter in the
BRAIN
Inhibit- Less likely fire= GABA
6th Glutamate -glu·ta·mate
• Major excitatory neurotransmitter in brain
• Released by 90% of brains neurons
Effects cont….
• Tricky to pin down, neurotransmitters multiple
roles, and interlay
• DO NOT CAUSE DISORDERS. Aspirin relives
headache but headache not caused by lack of
aspirin
• Most recreational drugs produce effect by
blocking or enhancing of neurotransmitters
Harmful effects
• Low levels serotonin associated with
depression, mental disorders
• GABA- abnormal levels linked to epilepsy
• Alzheimer's- loose brain cells acetylcholine,
memory problems
• Dopamine loss- Parkinson
Endorphins: Brain’s natural Opiate
• Endorphins- chemical messengers that reduce
pain and promote pleasure.
• Appetite, sexual activity
• Shoot up when when animal or human is by
under stress, afraid. AS A RESULT HELP FOR
SURVIVAL.
• Identified 1971 by Pert and Snyder; working
with morphine (Heroin)
• Binds receptor sites to the brain
Best Feeling: exercise
Hormones- Long distance Measures
• Hormones make up 1/3 of chemical
messengers
• Produced primarily in endocrine glands
(Endocrine System)
• Promote body growth, digestion, metabolism
chapter 4
The endocrine system
Endocrine glands
release hormones
into the
bloodstream…
…Hormones regulate growth,
metabolism, sexual development
and behavior, and other functions.
The endocrine system
4 types of HORMONES=First 3 types of
• Melatonin- Pinal gland in the brain; daily
biological rhythms, promotes sleep (ch 5)
• Oxytocin- Pituitary gland; injection of milk,
promotes attachment and trust
• Adrenal Hormones- Adrenal Glands, respond
to non-emotional conditions, heat, cold, pain,
physical exercise
• Respond to nicotine, caffeine produce
Adrenaline, can impair memory
OXYTOCIN
Sex Hormones
• Gonads- Testes in men, ovaries in women
• 3 main types in both sexes but varying
degrees
• Androgens (testosterone) in both but for
males, deepen voice, hair
• Estrogen- both, but female reproduction,
menstruation, breast dev.
• Progesterone- fertilized uterine lining for egg
chapter 4
Hormones
Melatonin
Regulates daily biological rhythms
Oxycotin
Enhances uterine contractions during labor
Adrenal hormones
Involved in emotions and stress
Cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
Sex hormones
Regulate development and functioning of reproductive organs
Androgens, estrogens, and progesterone
Summary
• Types of neurotransmitters
• Hormones/Endorphins