Transcript One Minute Manager Period 4

One Minute Manager Period
4
Biological Bases of Behavior
Your objective is to research your assigned term and create a one minute
lesson about the term with as many facts, names, definitions, examples
or other pertinent information for the study of biopsychology. You will
need to create a slide with the following items on it:
1. The term
2. Several bulleted points about the term
3. A visual to graphically represent the term
Be prepared to elaborate on the information as you present to the class.
1. Biological Psychology
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Focuses on physical and chemical
changes that either
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cause certain behaviors/mental
processes
occur in response to behaviors
Study of cells and organs
Examines relationship between
the brain and behavior
Roger Sperry,
neuropsychologist
coordinates voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits
signals between different parts of the body via the spinal
cord
consists of 2 main parts:
the central nervous system (containing the brain and spinal
cord)
and the peripheral nervous system (consists mainly of
nerves)
“a complex combination of cells whose primary function is to
allow an organism to gain information about what is going on
inside and outside the body and to respond appropriately.”
2. Nervous
3. Neurons
Neurons- “nerve cells”; cells designed to rapidly respond to signals
and send their own.
Exchange info through axons and dendrites and by synapses
Held together and kept alive by glial cells
4. Glial Cells
the “supporting cell”
3 types:
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
and Microglia.
What they do?
● hold neurons in place
● supply neurons with
nutrients and oxygen
● insulate neurons
● “clean up” dead neurons
5. Axon - Ali
An Axon is a neuron fiber that carries signals away from the cell body out to
where communication occurs w/ other neurons.
❏ Most neurons have only one axon
❏ Most carry signals in the form of Action Potentials
❏ The larger the axon, the faster it transmits information
❏ Some axons are covered with a fatty substance called myelin that acts as an
insulator. Which transmit information much faster than other neurons.
6. Dendrite
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o What is a dendrite?
 A neuron fiber that receives
signals from the axons of other
neurons and carries those signals
to the cell body
o Function?
 To detect and carry signals to
cells
o Type of signal carried?
 Postsynaptic potential
(electrochemical signal moving
towards cell body)
7. Synapses
Neurons have specialized projections called dendrites and axons which work in
cahoots to bring and take information to and from the cell body.
Information from one neuron flows to another
across a SYNAPSE -- which can be said to being
similar to a neuro-shipping channel - and the
cargo is information.
The SYNAPSE consists of a “presynaptic” ending which
contains neurotransmitters and a “postsynaptic” ending
which houses receptor sites -- thus making up the “channel.”
8. Action Potential
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A sudden wave of electrochemical changes in the
axon
● Beginning in the axon go in both directions
○ down and backwards
Speed is constant for a particular cell
o In different cells, speed can be
0.2-120 meters per second
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9. Myelin
● A dielectric material that forms a layer around only the
axon of a neuron.
● Made up by different cell types & varies in chemical
composition & configuration
● It is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous
system
● The production of the myelin begins in the 14th week of Fetal
Development
● Myelin is about 40% water, the dry mass is about 70-85%
lipids and about 15-30% proteins.
10. Refractory Period
❏ The period of time where the response to a second stimulus is significantly
slowed because a first stimulus is still being processed
❏ It requires divided attention such as reading while watching tv, texting
while talking to someone, or driving and talking on the phone
❏ Refractory periods can be affected by personality, age, and the level of
alcohol or caffeine intake
11. neurodegeneration - Felicia
(AB)
12. Neurotransmitters
● A neurotransmitter is a chemical substance that is released at the end of a
nerve fiber upon the arrival of a nerve impulse
● The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse or junction to another
nerve fiber, a muscle fiber or another structure
● Neurotransmitters are stored in small, bubble like compartments called
vesicles
● Each vesicle tends to hold a specific type of neurotransmitter (dopamine,
serotonin)
● Problems with neurotransmitters can be the cause of many mental diseases
and disorders
13. Receptors- Justin
14. Postsynaptic Potentials
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Definition: a temporary change in polarization of a neuron
membrane, can make the cell either more or less likely to fire
Ex: positively charged molecules of chemicals like sodium or
calcium flow into the neuron, making it
slightly less polarized
Caused by the action of
neurotransmitters released by the
presynaptic cell
15. Excitatory And Inhibitory
Excitatory
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Neurotransmitters that stimulates the brain
Activation of the receptor causes depolarization of the
membrane and promotes action potential generation
Cause an opening opening of ligand gated sodium ion
channels
Inhibitory
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Activation of the receptor causes hyperpolarization
and depresses action potential generation.
Are responsible for regulating the activation of
excitatory neurons
Primarily project within small, localized regions of
16. Neural Network - Evelyn
17. Sensory System
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Part of the Nervous System
Responsible for processing
sensory information
Sensory systems code for four
aspects of a stimulus: type,
intensity, location, and
duration
A stimulus modality is a type
of physical phenomenon that
can be sensed
18.Motor Systems
ability to perform complex muscle
and nerve acts that produce
movement; fine motor skills like
writing, tying shoes, walking and
kicking
19. Peripheral Nervous System
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part of nervous system not encased in bone
(not brain or spinal cord)
2 divisions:
o somatic: transfers info. between senses, central nervous
system, and muscles
o autonomic: messages between central nervous system
and heart, lungs, organs, glands, etc.
 sympathetic system: fight-or-flight response
 parasympathetic system: energy conservation
20. Autonomic Nervous System
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The part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily
functions not consciously directed. These control systems are mainly
controlled by your atlas and axis.
-i.e. breathing, heartbeat or glandular activity
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TWO SUBDIVISIONS:
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Sympathetic Nervous System: The sympathetic nervous system activates the fight or
flight response. Like other parts of the nervous system, the sympathetic nervous system
operates through a series of interconnected neurons.
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Parasympathetic Nervous System: rest and digest system, the parasympathetic
system conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity,
and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract.
21. Nuclei -Sophia
Nuclei- collection of nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system
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The central nervous system is laid out like carefully planned streets of new suburb with distinct
neighborhoods, winding streets and multi-laned highways
The “neighborhoods” are collections of neuronal cell bodies (nuclei) the “highways” are made up
of axons that travel together in bundles called fiber tracts
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these fiber tracts travel from one nucleus to another nuclei
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this tells us how the brain works by being able to trace the connections among nuclei
22. Fiber Tracts - Michael
23. Spinal Cord and Reflexes
Spinal Cord: relays signals from peripheral senses to brain, then the body; initiates
reflexes
- feedback system (info about consequences)
Reflexes: automatic, finely coordinated movements that react to external stimuli
involuntarily
-few slow synaptic links make them fast
24. Cerebral Hemisphere
❖ Either of the 2 symmetrical halves of the cerebrum, divided
by the longitudinal cerebral fissure. The sides are
connected by the the corpus callosum.
❖ Its the part of the brain that controls reading, writing, and
learning.
❖ The right hemisphere controls the muscles on the left side
of the body and the left hemisphere controls the muscles on
the right side of the body.
❖ Left Hemisphere = Language, writing, math, & logic
❖ Right Hemisphere = Spatial abilities, Face recognition,
dreams, awareness, visual imagery, & arts
25. Cerebral Cortex
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Holly Guzman
The outer layer of the cerebrum
Composed of folded gray matter,
Plays an important role in consciousness
responsible for “higher order” functions:
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perceiving, producing, & understanding language
Has right & left hemispheres, separated into 4 lobes
parietal, occipital, temporal, & frontal
Most of the information processing happens here
26. Sensory Cortex - Jackie
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Region of the cerebral cortex concerned with receiving and interpreting
sensory information from various parts of the body.
Umbrella term that encompasses all the senses: sight, sound, touch, taste,
and smell.
27. Motor Cortex
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A region of the cerebral cortex
Involved in the planning, control and execution of
voluntary movements
comprises three different areas of the frontal lobe
o premotor cortex, primary motor cortex,and the
supplementary motor area
Association Cortex
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the cerebral cortex outside the primary areas
essential for mental functions that are more complex than
detecting basic dimensions of sensory stimulation
o like recognizing objects, not just colors, shapes and signs
not motor or sensory but are thought to be involved in higher
thinking
29. Corpus Callosum
- Corpus Callosum a wide, flat bundle
of neural fibers beneath the cortex.
- It connects the left and right cerebral
hemispheres and facilitates
interhemispheric communication.
-The Interpreter
-It is the largest white matter structure
in the brain
- Two parts of the corpus callosum
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The posterior portion is called the splenium
The anterior is called the genu or "knee”
30. Lateralization
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Which side of the brain do you use more?
The logical left or the creative right?
On the left side you have more mathematical
thinkers while on the right you have music players
and artists
Text Book Definition: Referring to the tendency
for one cerebral hemisphere to excel at a particular
function or skill compared with the other
hemisphere
31. Synaptic Plasticity
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The ability of neurons to strengthen or weaken,
depending on use
The brain is constantly changing these connections and
their strength
Could be a few seconds, minutes, hours, days, or years
It’s the learning process, dude
Neurotransmitter system
➔ A chemical substance, such as
acetylcholine or dopamine, that
transmits nerve impulses across
a synapse.
➔ Two kinds of Neurotransmitters
◆ Inhibitory: balances mood
◆ Excitatory: stimulate the
brain
33. Endocrine
System
● Regulates functions ranging from stress
responses to physical growth.
● Cells that form organs are called glands and
communicate with one another by secreting
chemicals called hormones.
34. Glands & Hormones - Kylee
35. Flight or Fight
Syndrome
❏ The body’s natural response system
❏ Response to threats and danger
❏ To either stay & fight or run away
Common Occurrences:
❏ Heart rate increases
❏ Narrowed or tunnel vision
❏ Muscular tension
❏ Sweating or perspiration
❏ Increased hearing ability
36. Negative Feedback Systems - Harnoor
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Negative Feedback occurs when the result of a process
influences the operation of the process itself in such a way as to reduce changes
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Negative Feedback self-regulates the system,
it can produce stability and reduce the effect of fluctuations
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Negative Feedback loops can be stable, accurate and responsive
Example - Human body temperature - The hypothalamus of a human responds to temperature
fluctuations and responds accordingly. If the temperature drops, the body shivers to bring up the
temperature and if it is too warm, the body will sweat to cool down due to evaporation.
37. Phineas Gage
Who?
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A railroad worker injured in an accidental explosion
destroyed most of his frontal lobe
Aftermath
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a year of recovery later he was blind in only one eye but
physically in good health
before the accident was said to be hard-working and pleasant
after the accident his friends reported him to be an aggressive
drunk who couldn’t hold a job
Influence on Psychology
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his case influenced more discoveries in neuroscience
His story served as the first sources of evidence that the frontal
lobe was connected to personalities
38. Immune System - Brad
What is the immune system?
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system of biological structures/processes that protect against disease
How does it protect against disease?
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detects harmful substances and attacks them
Who has one?
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All humans and animals - even bacteria have one (enzymes protect)
What happens if it’s damaged?
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Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and
cancer
36. Autoimmune Disorder
➢ Where the immune system can’t tell the difference between healthy
body tissues and antigens and begins to attack them
➢ More than 80 different types of autoimmune disorders
➢ May result in:
○ The destruction on one or more types of body tissues
○ Abnormal growth of an organ
○ Changes in organ functions
➢ Symptoms:
○ Fatigue
○ Fever
40. Chromosomal Abnormalities
•Chromosomal abnormalities, alterations and aberrations are at the root of many inherited
diseases and traits.
•Chromosomal abnormalities often give rise to birth defects and hereditary conditions
that may develop during an individual's lifetime.
•Examining the karyotype of chromosomes (karyotyping) in a sample of cells can allow
detection of a chromosomal abnormality and counseling can then be offered to parents
or families whose offspring are at risk of growing up with a genetic disorder.
•Ex: Down Syndrome (trisomy 21) , Edward’s Syndrome (trisomy 18)
41. Twins - Matt (AB)