Transcript AP Psych Rapid Review

Unit 3
Biology
of
Behavior
8%-10%
AP Psych
Rapid
Review
Answer these questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A neuron w/o a terminal button would be unable
to…
Paul Broca found damage in what lobe caused
speaking difficulty…
What is the master gland?
The main function of the dendrite is to…
What is the #1 inhibitory NT?
Try this…
REFLEX
ARC
NEURONS
 Sensory neurons
afferent
carry
incoming information from the sensory
receptors to the brain and spinal cord
 Interneurons
brain &spinal cord
communicate internally & intervene between the
sensory inputs and motor outputs
 Motor neurons
carry
efferent
outgoing information from the brain and
spial cord to the muscles and glands
Ions have a charge (+ or -). When
they move they create electricity =
action potential.
A strong stimulus can
increase the number of
times a neuron fires,
NOT how fast it fires or
the intensity of the
impulse
Firing of a Neuron
 Threshold must be meet to cause an action potential
Action
potential
a
neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that
travels down an axon
involves exchange of ions
 Resting
positive
potential
outside/negative inside
 Selectively
positive
permeable
ions can’t mix with negative when
neuron’s “gate” is closed
Firing of a Neuron
 When neuron fires…
 Depolarize
positive
ions flood through axon
Refractory period
resting/pause…neuron
pumps + ions out &
can fire again
 All or none response

more neurons can be fired or neurons can fire more often, but the
impulse/action potential’s strength & speed are all or none – either fire
or not
 Synapse
 Synaptic gap (synaptic cleft)
 Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps
between neurons.
 When released by the sending neuron,
neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind
to receptor sites on the receiving neuron
 influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural
impulse

 Reuptake
How Neurotransmitters Influence Us
 Acetylcholine (AcH)
 Dopamine
 Serotonin
 Norepinephrine
 GABA
 Glutamate
 Endorphins
Agonists and Antagonists
Objective 4:
What are the functions of the nervous system’s main divisions?
Spinal cord links peripheral
nervous system to brain
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
homeostasis
Opponent Process
Objective 5:
How does the endocrine system transmit its messages?
 Endocrine system
Chemical
communication system;
secretes hormones into the
bloodstream (“slow” but can outlast NT)
Adrenal glands
Epinephrine & norepinephrine
 Fight or flight response

Pituitary
gland (master gland)
In brain; controlled by hypothalamus
 Influence the release of other hormones
Brain
Pituitary
other glands

Hormones
Brain
other stuff…
 effectors – muscle & gland cells
 Glial cells - support & protect neuron; create myelin
 -70mV = voltage of resting neuron
The Central Nervous System: The Brain
 EEG – electrical waves
 CAT – x-ray
 PET – glucose
 MRI – soft tissue
 fMRI – blood flow; function
Brainstem (Old Brain)
 Medulla
 Breathing
/ heart rate
 Pons
 Movement
/ Dreaming ?
 Reticular Activating System
 Also called Reticular Formation
 Essential to arousal
Thalamus
 Sensory Switchboard / Relay Station
 Except
for smell (olfaction)
Cerebellum
 “Little
brain”
 nonverbal learning
 IMPLICIT memory
 judge time
 discriminate sound &
texture
 Movement / Balance
Limbic System
controls
emotions &
drives
hippocampus
amygdala
hypothalamus
What happens if the
amygdala is lesioned?
What happens if the
amygdala is stimluated?
Hypothalamus - controls all aspects of behavior
that are regulated by hormones s
 The
4 F’s:
Fighting
Fleeing
Feeding
(vetromedial/lateral)
Mating
 Olds & Milner
 Reward
Centers
 Cerebral Cortex
Frontal
lobes
Parietal lobes
Occipital lobes
Temporal lobes
Wilder Penfield
 Mapped the Motor Cortex
 Precise movements occupy most space
 Sensory Cortex
 Most
sensitive parts of body take up most cortical
space in sensory cortex
Association Areas
 Areas not involved in
primary motor or
sensory functions

Learning, remembering,
thinking, speaking
 Aphasia


Broca’s (can’t speak)
Wernicke’s (can’t
comprehend / speak
jibberish)
Sperry & Gazzaniga
Genetics
 Monozygotic twins (MZ) – Identical
 Dizygotic twins (DZ) – Fraternal
 Heritability is the proportion of variation that is due
to genetics (twins = 0)
 Twin Studies = show us contribution of genetics vs.
environment
 Turner Syndrome – girls, short lack ovaries, fail to
develop, normal IQ, spatial & math defeicits
 Klinefelter’s Syndrom – male, fail to develop, passive
 Down Syndrome – 3rd copy of chromosome 21
 Tay-Sachs –loss of nerve function (death)
 Phenyletonuria (PKU)- severe, irreversible brain
damage unless baby fed special diet within 1st 30
days (epigenitics)