Transcript from the brain

Warm Up
• Are we people with a brain, or a brain with
arms, legs, and a body?
Biological Basis for Behavior
The Nervous System
The Brain
The Endocrine System
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
• Two parts
– 1) Central Nervous System (CNS)
• Brain
• Spinal Cord
– 2) Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS) smaller nerves branching out
from spinal cord)
• Somatic (SNS) – voluntary muscles
• Autonomic (ANS) – involuntary
muscles
– Sympathetic – prepares body for
dealing with emergency or
strenuous situations
– Parasympathetic - conserves
energy; ability to recover from
strenuous activity
The Nervous System
• Neurons
– Thin cells that transmit messages to and from
the brain
– Linked together called nerves
– Messages sent through chemical-electronic
signals called neurotransmitters (more on that
later!)
The Nervous System
• Protection
– Everything in your body is protected
• The brain – skull and sheathing
• Spinal cord – vertebrae
• Peripheral nerves – sheathing
What?
• What system is responsible for reflexes?
• What are the parts of the Central Nervous
system?
The Nervous System
Synapse
Parts of a neuron
The Nervous System
• Build a Neuron with
food!
– Page 157
– Learn the parts of the
neuron and what they
do
– Use the following to
build a neuron
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one twizzler
5 marshmallows
One Oreo
7 pretzel sticks
– After you build the
neuron, explain it to
me, and then eat it!
• Recognize
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Axon
Myelin Sheath
Dendrites
Synapse
Cell Body
Axon Terminal Buttons
Cell Nucleus
Which direction signal
travels
– What receives and sends
message
Neuron Activity
• Ascending Tracts – carry
sensory impulses to the
brain
• Descending Tracts – carry
sensory impulses from the
brain
• Types of Neurons
– Afferent Neurons – relay
messages from sense organs
– Efferent Neurons – send
signals from brain to glands
and muscles
ensory
fferent
uscle
fferent
The Nervous System
• Neurotransmitters
– A neuron uses
neurotransmitters to
communicate across
the synapse to another
neuron
– Can excite the neuron
or stop it from
transmitting (inhibition)
The Nervous System
• Introducing the Neurotransmitters
– Norepinephrine
– Acetylcholine
– Dopamine
– Serotonin
– GABA
– Glutamate
– Endorphin
The Nervous System
• Norepinephrine
– Function
• Helps control alertness
and arousal
– Malfunction
• Undersupply can cause
depression
The Nervous System
• Acetylcholine (ACh)
– Function
• enables muscle action,
learning, and memory
– Malfunction
• ACh deterioration
causes Alzheimer's
The Nervous System
• Dopamine
– Function
• Influences movement,
learning, attention, and
emotions
– Malfunction
• Increase
– Schizophrenia
• decrease
– Tremors and
decreased mobility in
Parkinson’s disease
The Nervous System
• Serotonin
– Function
• Affects mood, hunger,
sleep, and arousal
– Malfunction
• Undersupply linked to
depression
• Antidepressants raise
serotonin levels
The Nervous System
• GABA (gammaaminobutyric acid)
– Function
• Inhibits over excitement
• Relaxation and sleep
– Malfunction
- Decrease can cause
anxiety, tremors,
seizures, and insomnia
The Nervous System
• Glutamate
– Function
• Involved in memory
– Malfunction
• Oversupply can cause
migraines or seizures
The Nervous System
• Endorphins (different types)
– Function
• Stops pain, boosts mood
– Malfunction
• Decrease - void of pleasure
Warm-Up
• Which neurotransmitters are involved in
memory or learning?
Warm-Up
• Which neurotransmitters are involved in
memory or learning?
– Acetylcholine
– Glutamate
– Dopamine
The Brain
The Brain
• The Three Brains
– Hindbrain
– Midbrain
– Forebrain
The Brain: Hindbrain
• Hindbrain – controls
most basic processes
of life
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Cerebellum
Medulla
Pons
Spinal Cord
The Brain: Hindbrain
• Cerebellum
– “little brain”
– Helps control voluntary
movements, posture,
and balance
– Judge time
– Memory for reflex,
Coordination for
voluntary movement
The Brain: Hindbrain
• Medulla
– Controls breathing,
heart rate, and
reflexes
– When cut out of a cat,
the cat no longer
would run, climb or
groom – Motivation?
The Brain: Hindbrain
• Pons
– Produces chemicals
needed for sleep and
arousal
– Helps control
autonomic
(involuntary) functions
The Brain: Hind Brain
• Spinal Cord
– Breathing
– Heart Rate
– Swallowing
– Startle response/
Level of alertness
– ANS
– Ability to sleep
– Balance
The Brain: Midbrain
• The Midbrain
– Reticular formation –
nerve network that
plays role in arousal,
concentration,
autonomic system
– Sorts out information
from hindbrain to
forebrain
The Brain: Forebrain
• The Forebrain
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Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebral Cortex
Limbic System
The Brain: Forebrain
• Thalamus
– Sensory switchboard
for sight, touch,
hearing and taste
– Every sense, except
smell enter the
Thalamus then sent to
appropriate part of the
Cortex
The Brain: Forebrain
• Hypothalamus
– Controls maintenance hunger, thirst, and sexual
behavior
– Controls body’s reaction to
change in temperature –
sweat/shiver
- Tells the pituitary gland to
produce hormones when
thinking about sex
- Pleasurable rewards center
The Brain: Forebrain
• Cerebral Cortex
– Gives you the ability to
learn and store
information, projects
your thinking into the
future
– Gives you the ability to
see, read, understand
– Conscious thinking
– 4 lobes (later my
friends)
The Brain: Forebrain
• Limbic System
– Regulates our
emotions and
motivations
– Includes
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Amygdala – violent
urges, emotional
memory
• Hippocampus –
formation of memories
Warm Up
• What makes us different from Animals?
• Then again, are we that much different?
The Brain: Four Lobes
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Occipital Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
The Brain: Four Lobes
• Occipital Lobe
– Vision
– Damage could cause
visual hallucinations
– Why do you think this
section is so big?
The Brain: Four Lobes
• Parietal Lobe
– Body sensations
– perception
– Somatosensory cortex
– receives information
from sense of touch
– Damage to this area
can cause people to
have a bad body
image or can’t judge
depth
The Brain: Four Lobes
• Frontal Lobe
– Organization, planning,
creative thinking, and
contemplating consequences
– Primary motor cortex – sends
information to control
movement
– Helps us recognize things
meaningful – like a friends
face
– Damage can cause paralysis
– 25
Motor and Sensory Cortex
The Brain: Four Lobes
• Temporal Lobe
– Hearing, visual
perceptions
– Damages could be
hearing loss, long term
memory loss,
decrease in sexual
behavior
Warm-Up
• Considering what you now know about
the brain, why does the military target 18
year old males and females?
Warm Up
• You have 15 min to work on your
Brochure!
Right Brain v. Left Brain
The Brain: Hemispheres
• Right and left
hemispheres
complement each
other
• Connected by the
corpus callosum –
carries messages
back and forth
The Brain: Hemispheres
• Each hemisphere controls one half of the
body
– Left hemisphere
• controls the right side of the body
– Right hemisphere
• controls left side of the body
The Brain: Hemispheres
• Left Hemisphere
– Sequential
– Rational
– Analytical
– Objective
– Looks at parts
– Concrete
- Logical
• Right Hemisphere
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Random
Intuitive
Holistic synthesizing
Subjective
Looks at wholes
Symbolic
The Brain: Hemispheres
The Brain: Hemispheres
Splitting the Brain - A procedure in which the two
hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the
connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus
callosum) between them.
Martin M. Rother
Courtesy of Terence Williams, University of Iowa
Corpus Callosum
Split Brain Patients
With the corpus
callosum severed,
objects (apple)
presented in the right
visual field can be
named. Objects (pencil)
in the left visual field
cannot.
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The Brain: Studying The Brain
• Psychologists that study the fissures and
inner recesses of the brain are called
physiological psychologists or
psychobiologists
• To study they use
– Recording
– Stimulating
– Lesioning
– Imaging
The Brain: Studying The Brain
Recording
• Electroencephalograph
(EEG)
– An amplified recording of
the electrical waves
sweeping across the
brain’s surface, measured
by electrodes placed on
the scalp.
The Brain: Studying The Brain
• Images: CAT Scan
– Computerized Axial
Tomography
– An imaging technique
used to study the brain
to pinpoint injuries and
brain deterioration.
The Brain: Studying The Brain
• Images: PET Scan
– Positron Emission
Tomography
– Visual display of brain
activity that detects a
radioactive form of
glucose while the brain
performs a given task.
The Brain: Studying The Brain
• Images: MRI
– Magnetic Resonance
Imaging
– uses magnetic fields
and radio waves to
produce computergenerated images that
distinguish among
different types of brain
tissue.
– fMRI – PET Scan and
MRI combined.
The Brain: Studying The Brain
• Stimulation –
attaching electrodes
to parts of the brain to
set off neurons
• Can tell what parts of
the brain do what
• Wilder Penfield
The Brain: Studying The Brain
• Lesions - A brain lesion experimentally
destroys brain tissue to study animal
behaviors after such destruction
So Why Have We Studied
Neurology???
cockroach beatbox
The Endocrine System
The Endocrine System
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/endocrine-system.html
A system of glands that secrete
hormones.
Similar to nervous system, except
hormones work a lot slower than
neurotransmitters.
Hormones
Neurotransmitters
Neurons are the email, Hormones are
the snail mail.
The Endocrine System
• The Endocrine
System is the body’s
“slow” chemical
communication
system.
• Communication is
carried out by
hormones
synthesized by a set
of glands
Neurons are the email, Hormones are
the snail mail.
The Endocrine System
•
Pituitary Gland
– Master gland
– Located between the
Hypothalamus and
midbrain
– Secretes different
hormones through the
blood stream; some of
which control the output of
hormones of other glands
– Communicate with organs
involved in regulating and
storing nutrients
– Control growth of muscle
and bone, and reproduction
– ovulation and lactation
Brain > pituitary gland > other glands >
hormones > brain
The Endocrine System
• Thyroid Gland
– Produces a hormone
called Thyroxine
– Too little – people feel
lazy and lethargic
– Too much – people
lose weight/ no sleep
– Can effect mood
The Endocrine System
• Gonads (sex glands)
– Ovaries
• Eggs
• Estrogen and progesterone – important in female
sex characteristics, regulate reproductive cycle
– Testes
• Sperm
• Testosterone – important in prenatal development,
decides sex of fetus, helps with growth of muscle,
sex characteristics
No pictures here!
The Endocrine System
• Adrenal glands
– Become active when a person
becomes angry or frightened
– Release adrenaline and
noradrenaline
– Increase heart rate, blood
pressure, and blood sugar,
providing us with surge of
energy
– Extreme Sports