Transcript neuroscience review

NEUROSCIENCE REVIEW
• A. Which specific brain structures or nervous
system is affected in the following examples:
• 1. Following a head injury, Jack has ongoing
problems staying awake and focusing attention.
• Answer: reticular formation
• 2. After a gunshot wound, Sandy is uninhibited,
irritable, and profane.
• Answer: frontal lobe
• 3. A rat attacks another rat in the same cage after
this area is electrically stimulated.
• Answer: amygdala
• 4. Kathy cannot remember last Christmas after
this area was damaged.
• Answer: hippocampus
• 5. Jessica has difficulty keeping her balance after
receiving a blow during a gymnastics routine.
• Answer: cerebellum
• 6.Carl, who was conscious during a medical
procedure, reported a “pins and needles”
sensations after his neurosurgeon electrically
stimulated this area.
• Sensory cortex (parietal lobe)
7. A split-brain patient has a picture of a knife flashed
to her left hemisphere and that of a fork to her right
hemisphere. She will be able to:
A.identify the fork using her left hand
B. identify a knife using her left hand
C.identify a knife using either hand
D. identify a fork using either hand
E.stand on her head and eat with both hands
ANSWER: A
8.Dr. Frankenstein made a mistake during neurosurgery on his
monster. After the operation, the monster “saw” with his ears
and “heard” with his eyes. It is likely that Dr. Frankenstein
“rewired” neural connections in the monster’s.
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A. hypothalamus
B. cerebellum
C. frontal lobe
D. thalamus
E. pituitary gland
• Answer: D
• 9. A body builder friend of yours suddenly
seems to have grown several inches in height.
You suspect that your friend has been using
drugs that affect the :
• A. thalamus
• B. adrenal glands
• C.medulla
• D. pituitary gland
• E.dopamine
• Answer: D
• 10.Dr. Johnson briefly flashed a picture of a key
in the right visual field of a split-brain patient.
The patient could probably :
• A. write the word “key” using the left hand.
• B. draw a picture of a key using the right hand.
• C. do none of the above
• D. Draw a picture of a key using the left hand.
• E. verbally report that a key was seen
• Answer: E
Which type of procedure is described in each
of the following methods of evaluation?
• A. Uses radio waves and magnetic
fields to produce computer
generated images to distinguish
among different types of brain
tissue.
• Answer: MRI
• B. Uses glucose to develop a visual
display of brain activity.
• Answer: PET
• C.Measures electrical activity across
the surface of the brain.
• EEG
NEUROSCIENCE
• part of the brain that controls fear and
aggression
• amygdala
• Part of cerebral cortex that controls
emotions and spatial abilities
• right hemisphere
• the sensory switchboard
• thalamus
• Part of the autonomic nervous system that
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maintains normal body functions and
conserves resources
parasympathetic
Composed of the hippocampus,
hypothalamus, and amygdala
limbic system
long extension of the neuron that carries
an action potential
axon
NEUROSCIENCE
• Lobe of the cerebral cortex that contains the
sensory cortex.
• parietal
• Part of the limbic system that contains “pleasure
centers”.
• hypothalamus
• Part of brain located in left temporal lobe that
controls speech comprehension
• Wernicke’s
• Parkinson’s patients have lower than normal
amounts of this neurotransmitter
• dopamine
NEUROSCIENCE
• bundle of nerve fibers that transfers info from one
hemisphere to the other
• Corpus callosum
• neurotransmitter that regulates basic bodily
processes such as movement
• Acetylcholine
• a neurotransmitter involved in the control of
bodily movements ( involved in Parkinson’s
disease, and Alzheimer’s)
• dopamine
NEUROSCIENCE
• Hormones that relieve pain and increase our
sense of well-being
• Endorphins
• Neurotransmitters for mood control
• Serotonin
• the junction point of two or more neurons; a
connection is made by neurotransmitters.
• Synapse
• covers the lower brain and controls mental
processes such as thought
• Cerebral cortex
NEUROSCIENCE
• area that interprets visual information
• Occipital lobes
• area responsible for hearing and some speech
functions
• Temporal lobes
• controls and regulates the speed of bodily
processes called metabolism
• Thyroid
• chemical regulators that control bodily processes
such as emotional responses, growth, & sexuality
• hormones
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NEUROSCIENCE
Which does not belong?
Cell body
Synapse
Axon
Dendrite
Answer: synapse (not part of a neuron)
------------------------------------------------------Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Medulla
Hippocampus
Answer: medulla (part of brain stem)
NEUROSCIENCE-What does not belong?
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Logic
Reason
Verbal
Creativity
Answer: creativity (right brain)
-----------------------------------------------------------------Non-verbal
Visual
Spatial
Language
Answer: language (left brain)
NEUROSCIENCE
• System of glands that secrete hormones
• Answ.-endocrine system
• When parts of the brain can adapt themselves to
perform other functions if needed
• Plasticity
• Thin vertical strip of cerebral cortex that receives
incoming touch sensations from the rest of our
body
• Sensory cortex
• Imaging device that can detect brain waves
• EEG
Neuroscience
• Nervous system responsible for slowing down the
body after a stress response
• Parasympathetic
• Nervous system that controls the automatic
functions of the human body
• Autonomic
• Nervous system that control voluntary muscle
movements
• Somatic
• Nervous system that contains all the nerves in your
body other than the brain & spinal cord nerves
• Peripheral
Neuroscience
• Part of the nervous system that consists of our
brain & spinal cord
• Central
• Neurons that take info from the brain to the rest
of the body
• Motor (or efferent)
• Neurons that take info from the senses to the
brain
• Sensory (or afferent)
• Chemicals released from the terminal buttons of a
neuron that prevent the next neuron from firing
• inhibitory
Neuroscience
• Chemicals released from the terminal buttons of a
neuron that energize the next neuron into firing
• Excitatory
• Neuron either fires completely or it does not fire at
all
• All or nothing principle
• Electric charge that spreads down the length of a
neuron after the threshold is achieved
• Action potential
• The level of neurotransmitters required to “fire a
neuron”• threshold
NEUROSCIENCE
• Spaces between myelin cells that cover axon &
keep impulse going through long axon
• Nodes of Ranvier
• Electrically charged atoms that have a positive or
negative charge.
• Ions
• In 1848, in a railroad accident, this man had a
railroad iron go through his skull leaving frontal
lobes damaged.
• Phineas Gage
NEUROSCIENCE
• Psychologist who did split brain research &
gained an understanding of the functional
lateralization in the brain
• Gazzaniga
• Psychologist who designed the surgery to treat
epilepsy by severing the corpus callosum
• Sperry
• The term for when a neurotransmitter is
reabsorbed by the sending neuron
• Reuptake
NEUROSCIENCE
• Resting potential is to polarization as action
potential is to:
• Depolarization