Transcript System, Spinal Cord - Balance Massage Therapy

Class 2
• Nervous System, cont.
• Spinal Cord
• Brain
Development of the Brain and Spinal Cord
Development of the Brain and Spinal Cord
Repair of Neurons
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PNS
Slow and/or non-existent
Cell body can’t be
damaged
Axon must be able to find
Schwann cells
CNS
Rare
Non-ideal environment
Some evidence in
laboratories
Protective Coverings of the Central Nervous System
Bone: hard, fibrous tissue
Skull and Spinal Column
Meninges of the brain
Skull
Dura mater
Subdural space
Subarachnoid
space
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
Cerebrum:
Gray matter
White matter
Protective Coverings of the Central Nervous System
Meninges
Cerebrospinal spinal fluid
Cerebrospinal Fluid
• Clear fluid found in and around the brain and
spinal cord
• Formed by choroid plexus in ventricles
• Absorbed into bloodstream by arachnoid villi
• CSF provides these functions:
– Buoyancy
– Protection
– Chemical stability
Spinal Cord
Gray Matter and White Matter
The Brain
Cerebrum
(The “Higher” Brain)
• Left and Right Hemispheres
separated by the Corpus
Callosum
•bridge of neurons that allow
hemispheres to
communicate.
Surface Convolutions:
•Gyrus
•a ridge, ie. Central Gyrus
•Sulcus
•a shallow groove
•Fissures
•a deep groove, ie.
Longitudinal Fissure and
Transverse Fissure
Cerebrum
4 Lobes:
Frontal
Reasoning, Long-Term Memory,
Analysis, Movement,
Temporal
Speech, Memory, Hearing
Parietal
Integration of Sensation
Occipital
Visual processing center
Cerebrum
Note: Corpus callosum
Coronal Section
(MRI Study)
Cross Section
(Gross)
Cerebrum
White matter tracts
Basal Nuclei (aka. Basal Ganglia)
Cerebrum
Functions:
•Conscious Awareness
•Reasoning
•Memory
•Interpretation of Senses
•Initiates Voluntary Motor Responses
Functionally Divided:
•Sensory Areas
•Cortex of Parietal Lobe
•Motor Areas
•Cortex of Frontal Lobe
•Association Areas
•Cortex of all Lobes
Hemisphere Communication and Lateralization
Basal Nuclei (aka. Basal ganglia)
Basal Nuclei (aka. Basal Ganglia)
Diencephalon
Thalamus
• Relay station of sensory
input except for sense of
smell
Hypothalamus
• regulates autonomic function
and major link between the
nervous and endocrine systems
Epithalamus
• CSF is made here.
•The Pineal gland
•Creates hormone
melatonin.
Limbic System
Limbic System
Thalamic Nuclei
Corpus callosum
•Hypothalamus
•Cingulate gyrus
•Amygdala
•Hippocampus
Olfactory bulb
• Includes centers for both gratification and aversion
– gratification – sensations of pleasure or reward
– aversion – sensations of fear or sorrow
Brain Stem
Brain Stem
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Midbrain
– The midbrain
connects the
diencephalon to
the pons
– CN’s III and IV
Pons
– Connects cerebrum
to the cerebellum
– Connects midbrain
to medulla
– CN’s V, VI, VII
Medulla
– Connects brain to
spinal cord
– Regulates basic
body functions
– CN’s VIII, IX, X, XI,
XII
Cerebellum
Function:
•Involved with vestibular and eye movement functions
•Controls proprioception related to muscle tone
•Fine tunes and coordinates movements
Thank goodness!!!