Transcript SPHS 4050, Neurological bases, PP 03a

PP 03a-Gross anatomy, in
more detail
Superior
view of
brain
Lateral
view of
brain
Lateral view of brain, with insula
exposed
• Pull down
the
temporal
lobe, and
more
brain
surface is
found =
insula
Lateral schematic of brain and its
four lobes
Ventral views
Ventral view: A closer look at
the brainstem
Midsaggital view
• Brain (encephalon)
– Prosencephalon
• Telencephalon= cerebrum,
with basal ganglia and
limbic lobe deep inside
• Diencephalon= thalamus
and hypthalamus
(“between brain”)
– Mesencephalon =
midbrain*
– Rhombencephalon
• Metencephalon: pons* &
cerebellum
• Myelencephalon: medulla
oblongata*
• Spinal cord
* = three
parts of
brain stem
Note skull
and
foramen
magnum
Embryonic origins
• Brain (encephalon)
– Prosencephalon
• Telencephalon= cerebrum,
with basal ganglia and
limbic lobe deep inside
• Diencephalon= thalamus
and hypthalamus (“between
brain”)
– Mesencephalon =
midbrain*
– Rhombencephalon
• Metencephalon: pons* &
cerebellum
• Myelencephalon: medulla
oblongata*
• Spinal cord
A closer look at
the midsagittal
surface at levels
of diencephalon
and brain stem
Note the thalamus,
hypothalamus
(diencephalon), pons,
medulla and midbrain (brain
stem) and corpus callosum
and commissures (which
form connections between
hemispheres)
Mid-sagittal schematic of brain
and its four lobes
Cingulate gyrus (also called
limbic cortex)
The limbic cortex (cingulate
gyrus) is part of the LIMBIC
SYSTEM which includes the
hippocampus and amygdala,
interconneted with parts of the
diencephalon (thalamus and
hypothalamus) and olfactory
(smell) system. The limbic
system is strongly associated
with memory and emotion
Spinal cord_PNS
Cellular structure, and its
relationship to the gray matter /
white matter distinction
Two types of cells make up the
nervous system
• Neurons (nerve cells)
– Transmit information,
usually as nerve
impulses
– Communicate with
each other, to transmit
messages throughout
the body
• Satellite cells
– Facilitate neurons, but
do not transmit nerve
impulses
A prototypical neuron and its
synapse with another neuron
In development, neuron cell
bodies start in the center of the
neural tube
• In the brain, the cell bodies migrate to the
surface
• In the spinal cord, the cell bodies stay
close to the center of the tube
In development, cell bodies
start in the center of the neural
tube
• In the brain, the cell bodies migrate to the
surface
• Aggregations of cell bodies make up gray matter on
surface of brain = cortex
• In the spinal cord, the cell bodies stay
close to the center of the tube
– Aggregations of cell bodies make up gray matter on
in the core of the spinal cord = central gray matter
GRAY MATTER = GROUP OF CELL BODIES
In development, cell bodies in
the gray matter “sprout” their
axons
• Groups/bundles of axons make up WHITE
MATTER. Do you see the white matter
under the gray cortex?
In the spinal cord, central gray matter, with white
matter on outside. Gray matter also makes up nuclei
in brainstem (surrounded by white matter) and nuclei
that make up the thalamus & basal ganglia
Spinal cord
Brainstem:
Lateral view
(See nuclei
in blue)
Cerebrum: Coronal section
(see gray matter of basal ganglia)