Transcript Motivation
Split Brain Split brain patient Phantom Limb Pain • Amputees often feel pain in a limb after it has been removed • Sensation in limb can be felt when touching other areas of body (most common: lost hand feels touch of face) Plasticity • The brain is plastic—subject to alteration in the way it functions, such as: • Changes in the brain’s overall architecture in response to stimulation and environmental experience • The central nervous system can grow new neurons: • But limited ability to do so with cortical injury • This promotes stability in the brain’s connections but is an obstacle to recovery from brain damage. Plasticity • Neurons are subject to alteration in the way they function, such as: • Changes in how much neurotransmitter a presynaptic neuron releases • Changes in neuron sensitivity to neurotransmitters • Creating new connections by growing new dendritic spines Principles and Functions • • • • • • • • • Cephalization All-or-None Law Frequency Coding of Intensity Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies Localization of Function (+ Integration) Topographic Projection (& Distortion) Split Brain (Crossed Connections) Connectivity & Functional Connectivity Neuro-plasticity & Reorganization Motivation What gets things going?? Motivation outline • The major functions of motivation (activation and goal orientation/seeking) • A typology of motivations: major types and an idea about their interdependence • Yerkes-Dodson Law • Evolution of adaptive mechanism of homeostatic control systems and how they operate • A model of primary drives and how they fit into above control system model Motivation: Characteristics • Story• Activation + Goal orientation Typology of Motivations • Primary and Secondary Drives • Pyramid of needs (Maslow) Yerkes Dodson: Activation (Cockroaches & Quarterbacks!) • Good/bad pool players: audience size 4 • Zajonc: Mere exposure (cockroaches!) • Home field advantage-world series! Primary Drive: Basic Model • • • • • Claude Bernard: Mileau Interior & Evol. Walter Cannon & body wisdom (salt ex) Homeostasis & negative feedback Dual outputs Instinct & reflexes vs. motivation & learning (flexitility/adaptability) Setpoint Input _ Negative feedback loop Output:Physiol/ Motivtional Body Water Levels & Thirst • Physiological: Two systems of regulation – Prevent water loss – Hypothalamus/pituitary/kidney/ADH • Control of reabsorption of water – Pressure sensitivity • Thirst: find new water Hunger: • Hunger: More complex – First, a “basic” physiological mechanism • Hypothalamus VMH: satiety & feeding • Reinterpretation of satiety as change in set point Other Hunger Regulators: (Long-term and Short-term) • • • • Liver: glucose glycogen conversion Long term vs short term regulation Multiple control/feedback loops Fat cells-full Leptin inhibits hunger stimulating neuro-peptide Y • Genetic control • Social control Mortality and Obesity • Obesity associated with many diseases • But, recent JAMA meta-analysis (2013) based on 2.88 million people showed: – overweight (BMI 25-30) – moderate obesity (BMI 30-35) – Stage 2 & 3 obesity (BMI > 35) HR .94 HR .95 HR 1.29 A Higher-level Motive: Need for Achievement • McClelland – Methodology: projective techniques – Goal setting – Parent-child immediate interaction – Longer-term developmental styles – Societal implications – Dweck: Mastery vs Performance orientation Emotions • Emotional expression – Darwin & Ekman: universality • Some basic theories of emotion – Naïve – James-Lange – Cognitive/ Schacter-Singer/Cannon-Bard