Transcript Anatomy and Physiology 2211K

Anatomy and Physiology
2211K
Lecture Four
Slide 2 –Upper and lower respiratory tract
Slide 3 - Nose
Slide 4 – Nasal septum
Slide 5 – Perpendicular plate and the vomer bone
Slide 6 – Nasal bone
Slide 7 – Frontal process of the maxillae
Slide 8 – Cartilages and adipose tissue of the nose
Slide 9 – deviated septum
Slide 10 – digging for gold
Slide 11 – Nasal polyps
Slide 12 - Septoplasty
Slide 13 – Striated muscles of the nose
Slide 14 - Vestibule
Slide 15 – Hard and soft palate
Slide 16 – Striated muscles of the soft palate
Slide 17 – Nasal concha
Slide 18 – Nasal concha and cavity
Slide 19 – Superior, middle and inferior meatus
Slide 20 – Paranasal sinus
Slide 21 - Ostiomeatal complex
Slide 22 – Sphenoethmoidal recess
Slide 23 – Nasal mucosa (pseudostratified ciliated epithelium)
Slide 24 – Pharynx
Slide 25 - Larynx
Slide 26 – Vocal cords
Slide 27 – Muscles of voice - lateral view
Thyroarytenoid muscle
Lateral cricoarytenoid
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Cricothyroid
Slide 28 – Muscles of the larynx – caudal view
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Transverse arytenoid
Lateral cricoarytenoid
Thyroarytenoid muscle
Hyoid bone
Slide 29 - Phonation
Phonation is defined as the vibration or sounds produced when air
moved pass the vocal folds during exhalation
• The length of the vocal cords can be changed by relaxing or
contracting the surrounding skeletal muscles
• High pitch voices are caused by the closing of the glottis whereby
caused by the contraction of the muscles of the larynx
• The smaller the diameter of the glottis the higher the resonant
frequency (vibration caused by expelling air from the lungs) and
thereby the higher the pitch
• Lower pitch voice is caused by opening the glottis which is caused
by the relaxation of the muscle of the larynx
• The larger the diameter of the glottis the lower the resonant
frequency (vibration caused by expelling air from the lungs) and
thereby the lower the pitch
Slide 30 - Trachea
Slide 31 – Trachea and the bronchi
Slide 32 – Conducting and respiratory zone
Slide 33 - Asthma
Slide 34 – Respiratory zone
Slide 35 – Surfactant and alveolus
Slide 36 – Alveolus and gas exchange
Slide 37 – gas exchange
Slide 38 – Hilum of the lungs
Slide 39 – Bronchopulmonary segments
Slide 40 – Muscles of inspiration and expiration
Slide 41 – Ventilation - Inspiration
Slide 42 – Ventilation - Expiration
Slide 41 – Pleura of the lungs
Slide 44 – Pulmonary circulation
Slide 45 – Lymph vessels of the lungs
Slide 46 – Carcinogen - Aflatoxin
Slide 47 – Carcinogen - Benzene
Slide 48 – EDB and Formaldehyde
Slide 49 – Hepatitis B
Slide 50 – Lung cancer
Slide 51 – Adenocarcinoma
Slide 52 – Large cell carcinoma
Slide 53 – Oat cell carcinoma
Slide 54 - spirometry
• Tidal volume – the volume of air inspired or expired
during normal expiration and inspiration
• Inspiratory reserve volume – after normal inspiration
has occurred, the remaining air that could still be
forcefully inspired
• Expiratory reserve volume - after normal expiration
has occurred, the remaining air that could still be
forcefully expired
• Residual volume – the volume of air still remains in the
lungs after the most forceful expiration
Slide 55 – pulmonary capacity
• Inspiratory capacity – tidal volume plus the inspratory
reserve volume – the total amount of air that a person
can inspire after normal expiration.
• Functional residual capacity – expiratory reserve
volume plus the residual volume – the amount of air
remain in the lungs after normal expiration
• Vital capacity – inspiratory reserve volume plus residual
volume plus expiratory reserve volume – max volume of
air that a person can expel from the respiratory tract after
maximum inspiration
• Total lung capacity – inspiratory reserve volume plus
expiratory reserve volume plus the tidal volume and
residual volume.
Slide 51 – Respiratory centers in the brain stem
Slide 57 – Regulation of gas exchange
Slide 58 – Respiratory controls
Pneumotaxic
center
Off switch
Arterial
CO2
levels
Arterial
O2
levels
Central
Chemoreceptors
Peripheral
Chemoreceptors
Inspiratory
neurons
Muscles
of
inspiration
Increase
In
Lung
volume
Expiratory
neurons
Muscles
of
expiration
Decrease
In
Lung
volume
HeringBreuer
reflex