Animal Organization and Homeostasis
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Transcript Animal Organization and Homeostasis
Animal Organization and
Homeostasis
Tissues
Specialized cells of the same type that
perform a common function in the body
Types
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Epithelial tissue
Covers surfaces and lines body cavities
Mostly functions in protection
Exposed to environment on 1 side, basement
membrane on the other that anchors it to the
connective tissue
Named according to shape of cell
Squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube) and columnar (column)
Stratified (layered), pseudosratified (looks layered)
Glandular epithelial
Secretes a product
Exocrine
into a duct
Endocrine
into the blood stream
Connective tissue
Most abundant
Each type has
specialized cells
Ground substance
Protein fibers
Types
Fibrous connective
(loose and dense)
Adipose
Cartilage
Bone
blood
Fibrous connective tissue
Contain fibroblast cells within a gel matrix
Loose fibrous – support
Adipose – energy reservoir, insulation
Dense fibrous – found in tendons and
ligaments, contains collagen fibers
Supportive connective tissue
Cartilage – cells in chambers called lacunae
surrounded by a gel like matrix
3 types of cartilage (based on fibers in matrix)
Hyaline – most common, fine collagen fibers
Elastic - more flexible
Fibrocartilage – strong collagen fibers
Bone
Hard matrix of inorganic salts around protein
fibers
Compact bone – shaft of long bones
Cylindrical structures called osteons
Bone cells found within lacunae
Spongy bone – end of long bones
Contains bony bars and plates with space between
Built for strength
Fluid Connective Tissues
Blood – formed elements and plasma
Hematopoiesis – production of blood cells, in red bone
marrow
Transports nutrients and oxygen to tissue fluid, distribute
heat and fluid, ion and pH balance
RBC’s – small, no nucleus, round
WBC – larger, have a nucleus, phagocytes, produce
antibodies
Platelets – involved in blood clotting
Lymph – in lymph vessels, absorbs excess fluid
Muscular tissue
Made of cells called muscle fibers
Actin – thin, myosin – thick
Movement and generation of heat
3 types
Skeletal – voluntary, striated
Smooth – visceral, involuntary, no striations
Cardiac – muscles of the heart, involuntary,
striated, intercalated disks
Nervous tissue
Contain neurons (1 trillion on average)
3 parts: axon, cell body, dendrite
Functions in sensory input, integration of data,
and motor output
Neuroglia – support and nourish neurons
Microglia - phagocyte
Astroglia – provide nutrients
Oligodendroglia – form myelin in brain
Organs and organ systems
Organ – 2 or more types of tissues working
together to perform the same function
Organ system – organs working together to
carry out a process
Skin
Largest organ
Functions for protection and thermoregulation
Contains receptors that monitor touch,
pressure, temperature
and pain
Epidermis
Dermis
subcutaneous
Epidermis
Stratified squamous
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands
Skin cells are pushed to surface of skin and
slough off
Melanocytes – cells that produce melanin,
pigment, UV rays induce production (vit.D)
Basal cell carcinoma and malignant
melanoma are types of skin cancer
Dermis and Subcutaneous
Contains collagen and elastic fibers
Overstretching due to fast weight gain can
cause stretch marks
Blood vessels and sensory receptors
Subcutaneous – not true part of skin, source
of energy, produces padding, overall rounded
appearance
Accessory organs of the skin
Nails – protective covering, can be useful
medically
hair – begin in dermis, extend out of
epidermis, dead, hardened epidermal cells
Each follicle has an oil gland that when clogged,
produces white heads or black heads (oxidized
sebum)
Glands – sweat (sudoriferous)
Organ systems
2 main body cavities:
Dorsal (cranial and vertebral cavity)
Ventral (thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavity)
Homeostasis
Maintaining and internal balance
Negative feedback – keeps a variable close to
a particular value ex. – body temp.
Positive feedback – brings a greater change in
the same direction ex. Oxytocin and birth