Transcript Damage to the frontal lobes can lead to

Damage to Temporal Lobes can lead
to…
• disturbance of language comprehension
• altered sexual behavior (increase or decrease sex drive)
• Difficulty in recognizing faces (Prosopagnosia video clip)
(Clip 2)
• Difficulty in understanding spoken words (Wernicke's Aphasia
clip)
• Short-term memory loss
• Interference with long-term memory
• Right lobe damage can cause persistent talking
• Increased aggressive behavior
Corpus callosum
axonal fibers that connect the 2 hemispheres
to allow neurons to share information
Video snippet severed corpus callosum (5 min)
The Limbic System : AHH!!
(AKA “inner brain”)
• LOCATION: Deep within
brain, next to thalamus, at
top of brain stem
• FUNCTION?
– The 4 F’s : fight, flight,
food, fornication!
– & memory!!
MNEMONIC: AHH!! I scream AHH because my limbic system is active
when I am excited, happy, in pain, emotional, surprised, or remember
something…
Hypothalamus: “body’s regulator”
1. In charge of endocrine system
2. Regulates
– hunger & thirst
• if ventromedial hypothalamus is
stimulated, rats STOP eating
• if lateral hypothalamus is stimulated, rats
eat
• if lateral hypothalamus is lesioned, rats
will not eat
– response to pain
– levels of pleasure (reward centers)
– rats self-pleasure ‘til point of exhaustion
– reward deficiency syndrome liked with addiction
– sexual satisfaction
– anger and aggressive behavior
3. Regulates the autonomic nervous system pulse,
blood pressure, breathing, and arousal in response
to emotional circumstances.
Pituitary Gland --master gland of endocrine system
1. Regulates body temperature
2. Creates and releases:
– Growth hormone
– prolactin (tells woman’s breasts to
produce milk after giving birth)
– hormone to signal sperm
production and releases of eggs
3. Creates hormones messages and
directs body’s other glands to produce
hormones for:
– stress
• cortisol released by adrenal
glands
Amygdala: Emotions, stress, fear, memories
• Location: Within temporal lobe
• Function:
1. Directs aggressive and fearful responses
– Lesion=less aggression, more mild,
meek demeanor
– stimulation=extreme aggression!
2. Plays role in formation of emotionally
charged memories
Interesting facts:
1. Size positively correlates with levels of
aggression
2. Shrinks by 30% in castrated males!!
video on flight or fight response
Mnemonic: my gd!! (OMG) I’ve been frightened, surprised, angered!!
my gd!! I’m an emotional firepot!!
Hippocampus
• Converts shortterm explicit
memories to longterm
Video clip: John Forbes
story (start @ 9:55 go to
end of part 2)
Mnemonic: the hippo goes to college campus to learn facts and party and
he remembers the facts and parties!
How do we know what we know about the brain?
start at 5 min. video clip brain surgery
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Technology that allows us to see brain at work
– EEG –charts brain’s electrical brain waves E for electricity! Output is a
graph of lines registering different brain wave patterns
– PET—shows where brain activity is occurring by showing where glucose is
being consumed after person given radioactive glucose Mnemonic: Give
your “pet” some “sugar” and watch how it responds!
– MRI—shows soft tissue areas of brain using magnetic pulses (good for
finding tumors or enlarged/smaller than usual areas) m for magnetic
– fMRI—measures second-by-second images of blood flow to show which
part of brain is active during certain mental functions f for function
– CAT (CT) --x-ray of brain, similar to MRI think of your cat having x-ray
vision
Research, clinical observation, and case studies (HM anterograde amnesia)
Split-brain patients (Sperry, Gazzaniga)
Lesions and stimulation experiments (rats, cats)
A look at scans and how they are done
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7.
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video clip MEG start at 4 min
PET scan
CAT scan
MRI
MRI or PET
machine
5. fMRI
6. EEG
7. EEG output
Recovering from brain or spinal injury
1. neural prosthetics
2. neurogenesis: regrowth of brain cells
3. brain plasticity: rewiring of neural networks to
compensate for lost networks/functions
•
(note: sometimes this rewiring messes up and you end
up with phantom limb sensations! e.g. when arm
amputee’s face is stroked, her unused sensory cortex
that used to respond to hand being touched responds!)
4. constraint induced therapy
5. phantom limb treatment
Quick quiz
• Label your brain in the lecture packet
Answer Key: How’d you do at labeling your brain?
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Fill in the boxes with the terms:
autonomic, CNS, parasympathetic, PNS, somatic, sympathetic
II. The peripheral nervous system (PNS)
What is the PNS?
The nerves that run throughout your body connecting your
sensory organs (skin, eyes, ears, tongue, nose) & internal
organs to your brain and spine (CNS)
1. Sensory/afferent nerves: The body’s organs use these to send sensations to
the brain
e.g. afferent nerves on tongue (taste buds) sense flavor, afferent nerves on
skin senses touch, afferent nerves on in ears sense sound waves, etc.
2. Receptors: the part of the sensory organ that receives information (sound,
light, heat, pressure, flavor, smell) from environment (auditory receptors,
olfactory, visual, kinesthetic, taste buds)
3. Motor/efferent nerves: carry outgoing signals from the CNS to the muscles,
skin, and glands of body triggering movement
4. Interneurons: CNS neurons in spine and brain that receive incoming from
sensory receptors so brain can process/perceive and so brain can send
outgoing information to motor neurons
Autonomic system
•
2 parts: sympathetic and
parasympathetic
– Sympathetic: Drives
flight or fight response
during
stressful/strenuous
events
• Speeds up heart
• directs blood flow
to muscles that
need most oxygen
• suspends digestion
• adrenal glands
release epinephrine
(AKA adrenalin)
– Parasympathetic:
relaxation, returns
systems to normal
speed (homeostasis)
after shock, stress
mnemonic: para means to stop in Spanish!
parachute slows your fall
III. Endocrine System
• What? Network of glands
located in brain and body
• Function? Sends hormone
chemical messages through
blood stream to body’s organs to
control:
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metabolism
growth
sexual development
flight or fight response
• In females: ovulation,
menstruation, and lactation
• In males: sperm production,
deepening of voice, growth of
sex organs
III. Endocrine System (cont)
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Thyroid gland produces hormone that
regulates metabolism (how quickly/slowly
one digests food)
– Not enough hormone (hypothyroidism)=
sluggish, no appetite
– Too much hormone
(hyperthyroidism)=eat a lot, hyperactive
Adrenal glands release cortisol & epinephrine
(adrenalin) when person frightened or angry
Hypothalamus (part of limbic system)
coordinates communication between
endocrine and nervous systems
Pineal gland “3rd eye” releases melatonin
which regulates sleep cycle (circadian
rhythms)
Pituitary gland—”master gland” Maker of
growth hormone, second in command to
hypothalamus directs other glands to
produce/release hormones
Parathryroid—produce calcium for bone
growth
If time...
6 min video snip: Review the brain’s regions
1 more mnemonic: Myelin sheath : without it I will get MS (multiple
sclerosis) with symptoms of loss of motor control