Transcript Body Regulation

Body Regulation
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
The _______________
nervous
and _____________________
endocrine
systems interact
responses
to control and coordinate the body’s _________________
to changes
growth
In the environment, as well as to regulate ________________,
___________________,
and reproduction. ___________________
are
development
Hormones
chemicals from glands that affect other body parts.
I. The Nervous System – a network of _________________
neurons
(nerve cells)
brain
body
which carry messages between the _________________
and the __________.
Direction of impulse
Dendrite
Cell body
Nucleus
Axon
A. Neurons are made up of parts called
1. Dendrites – branches of a neuron which ________________
receive
impulses
messages (_______________)
and send them to the cell body.
carry
2. Axons – branches of a neuron which ____________
messages
away
impulses
(_________________)
_________
from the cell body.
nucleus
3. Cell body – main part of the neuron which contains the ____________
and other cell organelles.
B. Three types of neurons:
1. Sensory neurons – receive _____________________
information
and send
impulses
spinal
cord
_______________
to the ____________
__________
or ___________.
brain
stimuli
Receptors in the sense organs respond to __________________
and
Send impulses to the brain or spinal cord.
2. Interneurons – nerve cells throughout the ____________
brain
and
spinal
cord
__________
________
that relay impulses from ___________
neurons
sensory
to motor neurons.
3. Motor neurons – conduct ___________
impulses
from the brain or spinal cord
to _____________
or _____________
throughout the body.
muscles
glands
C. Neuron connections – The space between neurons is called a
synapse
______________
which impulses must jump across. The axon gives off
chemical
a nerve transmitting _________________
(acetylcholine – C7H17NO3)
synapse
used to transmit the impulse across the __________________.
brain
D. Central Nervous System (CNS) – made up of the ________________
and ____________
___________.
The brain is made up of
spinal
cord
3 parts.
_______________________
(1014) neurons. It is divided into ___
100 billion
left
1. Cerebrum – divided into the _________
and __________
right
hemispheres.
senses
This part of the brain controls _____________,
_______________,
memory
thought
voluntary
muscles
_________________,
and the work of ______________
___________.
2. Cerebellum – located under and behind the cerebrum. It
coordinates
______________________voluntary
muscles and maintains
balance
muscle
tone
__________________
and _______________
_________.
3. Brainstem or ________________
medulla
- This part of the brain is
heartbeat
breathing
responsible for _______________,
_________________,
blood
pressure
___________
______________,
and coordination of
__________________
_____________
__________________.
involuntary
muscle
movement
4. The spinal cord is an extension of the _________
brain
_______,
stem
neurons
made up of bundles of ________________
which carry impulses
brain
body
between the ______________
and the _______________.
E. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – made up of ____
12 pairs of
31 pairs of spinal nerves which link the
cranial nerves and ____
CNS to all parts of the body.
1. ______________
Somatic
system – nerves that go to and from the
skeletal muscles
2. ________________
Autonomic
system – nerves that control involuntary
salivary
activities (things we don’t think about such as our ______________
glands
_______________.
F. Reflexes – These are _________________
involuntary
and _________________
automatic
responses to _________________.
They are controlled (in general)
stimuli
spinal
cord
brain
by your _____________
__________,
NOT your _____________.
Example: Knee Reflex
The nerve impulse is sent from the ____________
through the
knee
sensory
neurons
spinal
cord
____________
___________
to the ____________
__________
back through the ____________
___________
to the _____________
motor
neurons
muscle
contracts
which ________________.
G. Senses – Sensory organs in the body receive ______________________
stimuli
and relay the information to the ____________________.
brain
1. Sight – the ___________
eyes
respond to ______________.
light
__________
Rods
(which see black and white) and ______________
cones
(which detect color) in the retina are stimulated by light to send
impulses
optic
nerve
______________
through the ___________
____________
to the
picture
brain where it is interpreted as a __________________.
Light travels (in order) through the __________________
cornea
(the clear
window that protects the eye), through the ____________
which is a hole
pupil
iris
controlled by the _______(the
colored part of the eye), through the
___________
which focuses the light, through the _________
lens
vitreous _________,
humor
retina
and is finally detected by the rods and cones on the ______________.
2. Hearing – the ______________
eardrum
in the _________
ear
picks up vibrations
from sound waves and transmits them through ____
3 little bones (the
hammer
anvil
stirrup
___________,
_________,
and ____________)
to the snail-shaped
_______________
where fluid vibrates, stimulating nerve endings which
cochlea
send the ______________
to the brain through the _____________
nerve.
impulses
auditory
The _________________
semicircular
____________
canals
are responsible for balance. The
Eustachian
tubes
throat is connected to the middle ear by the ________________
________.
3. Smell – the _________
nose
contains ________________
olfactory
cells which are
stimulated by gas _________________.
They send impulses to the brain.
molecules
taste
buds on the tongue are receptors for taste
4. Taste - __________
_______
saliva
sour
of molecules dissolved in _______________.
The four tastes are _______,
____________,
___________,
and _______________.
We can taste so
sweet
salty
bitter
taste
many more than just 4 flavors because the senses of both ____________
and _____________
are interpreted together in the ______________.
The
smell
brain
nose and mouth are connected together in the back of the _____________.
throat (pharynx)
5. Touch, pressure, pain, and temperature – Sensory receptors found
internal
skin
throughout the _____________
organs as well as in the ____________.
Why do we need these receptors in our organs?
II. The Endocrine System – the system of _____________
ductless
____________
glands
throughout the body. These glands secrete (give off) ________________
hormones
directly into the bloodstream.
A. There are ____
8
endocrine glands.
3
1
2
1. Pituitary – enables other glands to produce ______________,
hormones
regulates _________
production, and regulates _____________.
milk
growth
2. Thyroid – regulates _____________________
use which affect
carbohydrate
the ___________
level.
energy
calcium
4 3. Parathyroid – regulates _________________.
4. Thymus – regulates parts of the ______________
immune
system.
5
5. Adrenal – regulates ____________
blood
sugar and _________________.
metabolism
__________
blood
sugar
6 6. Pancreas (Islets of Langerhan)– regulates ___________
insulin
with the hormone_________________.
Problems with this gland
causes the disease known as _________________.
7
diabetes
7. Ovaries – regulates production of ______
eggs and development of
______
organs and characteristics in ________________.
sex
females
8 8. Testes – regulate production of ___________
sperm
and development
From Biology: Principles and
Explorations, Teaching
of _______
organs and characteristics in ___________.
sex
males
Transparencies
B. Negative feedback system – A gland regulates how much it produces
by using _____________________
signals to tell iot when to increase or
chemical
hormone
decrease production of the __________________.
This keeps the level
of the hormone in the bloodstream at ________________________.
homeostasis
Review questions:
1. What do endocrine glands NOT have? _____________________
ducts
insulin
2. What is a hormone produced by the pancreas? _______________
3. What signals the gland to start secreting its hormone again?
When the level of hormone drops in the bloodstream
______________________________________________________
4. What happens to excess hormones in the bloodstream? _________
It is removed by the kidneys.
_______________________________________________________
5. Which gland is involved with problems with calcium absorption?
______________________________
parathyroid
Body Regulation
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
The _______________ and _____________________ systems interact
to control and coordinate the body’s _________________ to changes
In the environment, as well as to regulate ________________,
___________________, and reproduction. ___________________ are
chemicals from glands that affect other body parts.
I. The Nervous System – a network of _________________ (nerve cells)
which carry messages between the _________________ and the __________.
Direction of impulse
Dendrite
Cell body
Nucleus
Axon
A. Neurons are made up of parts called
1. Dendrites – branches of a neuron which ________________
messages (_______________) and send them to the cell body.
2. Axons – branches of a neuron which ____________ messages
(_________________) _________ from the cell body.
3. Cell body – main part of the neuron which contains the ____________
and other cell organelles.
B. Three types of neurons:
1. Sensory neurons – receive _____________________ and send
_______________ to the ____________ __________ or ___________.
Receptors in the sense organs respond to __________________ and
Send impulses to the brain or spinal cord.
2. Interneurons – nerve cells throughout the ____________ and
__________ ________ that relay impulses from ___________ neurons
to motor neurons.
3. Motor neurons – conduct ___________ from the brain or spinal cord
to _____________ or _____________ throughout the body.
C. Neuron connections – The space between neurons is called a
______________ which impulses must jump across. The axon gives off
a nerve transmitting _________________ (acetylcholine – C7H17NO3)
used to transmit the impulse across the __________________.
D. Central Nervous System (CNS) – made up of the ________________
and ____________ ___________. The brain is made up of
_______________________ (1014) neurons. It is divided into ___ parts.
1. Cerebrum – divided into the _________ and __________ hemispheres.
This part of the brain controls _____________, _______________,
_________________, and the work of ______________ ___________.
2. Cerebellum – located under and behind the cerebrum. It
______________________voluntary muscles and maintains
__________________ and _______________ _________.
3. Brainstem or ________________ - This part of the brain is
responsible for _______________, _________________,
___________ ______________, and coordination of
__________________ _____________ __________________.
4. The spinal cord is an extension of the _________ _______,
made up of bundles of ________________ which carry impulses
between the ______________ and the _______________.
E. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – made up of ____
12 pairs of
31 pairs of spinal nerves which link the
cranial nerves and ____
CNS to all parts of the body.
1. ______________
Somatic
system – nerves that go to and from the
skeletal muscles
2. ________________
Autonomic
system – nerves that control involuntary
salivary
activities (things we don’t think about such as our ______________
glands
_______________.
F. Reflexes – These are _________________
involuntary
and _________________
automatic
responses to _________________.
They are controlled (in general)
stimuli
spinal
cord
brain
by your _____________
__________,
NOT your _____________.
Example: Knee Reflex
The nerve impulse is sent from the ____________
through the
knee
sensory
neurons
spinal
cord
____________
___________
to the ____________
__________
back through the ____________
___________
to the _____________
motor
neurons
muscle
contracts
which ________________.
G. Senses – Sensory organs in the body receive ______________________
and relay the information to the ____________________.
1. Sight – the ___________ respond to ______________.
__________ (which see black and white) and ______________
(which detect color) in the retina are stimulated by light to send
______________ through the ___________ ____________ to the
brain where it is interpreted as a __________________.
Light travels (in order) through the __________________ (the clear
window that protects the eye), through the ____________ which is a hole
controlled by the _______(the colored part of the eye), through the
___________ which focuses the light, through the _________ _________,
and is finally detected by the rods and cones on the ______________.
2. Hearing – the ______________ in the _________ picks up vibrations
from sound waves and transmits them through ____ little bones (the
___________, _________, and ____________) to the snail-shaped
_______________ where fluid vibrates, stimulating nerve endings which
send the ______________ to the brain through the _____________ nerve.
The _________________ ____________ are responsible for balance. The
throat is connected to the middle ear by the ________________ ________.
3. Smell – the _________ contains ________________ cells which are
stimulated by gas _________________. They send impulses to the brain.
4. Taste - __________ _______ on the tongue are receptors for taste
of molecules dissolved in _______________. The four tastes are _______,
____________, ___________, and _______________. We can taste so
many more than just 4 flavors because the senses of both ____________
and _____________ are interpreted together in the ______________. The
nose and mouth are connected together in the back of the _____________.
5. Touch, pressure, pain, and temperature – Sensory receptors found
throughout the _____________ organs as well as in the ____________.
Why do we need these receptors in our organs?
II. The Endocrine System – the system of _____________ ____________
throughout the body. These glands secrete (give off) ________________
directly into the bloodstream.
A. There are ____ endocrine glands.
3
5
7
From Biology:
Principles and
Explorations,
Teaching
Transparencies
1
2
1. Pituitary – enables other glands to produce ______________,
regulates _________ production, and regulates _____________.
2. Thyroid – regulates _____________________ use which affect
the ___________ level.
4 3. Parathyroid – regulates _________________.
4. Thymus – regulates parts of the ______________ system.
5. Adrenal – regulates ____________ sugar and _________________.
6 6. Pancreas (Islets of Langerhan)– regulates ___________ __________
with the hormone_________________. Problems with this gland
causes the disease known as _________________.
7. Ovaries – regulates production of ______ and development of
______ organs and characteristics in ________________.
8 8. Testes – regulate production of ___________ and development
of _______ organs and characteristics in ___________.
B. Negative feedback system – A gland regulates how much it produces
by using _____________________ signals to tell iot when to increase or
decrease production of the __________________. This keeps the level
of the hormone in the bloodstream at ________________________.
Review questions:
1. What do endocrine glands NOT have? _____________________
2. What is a hormone produced by the pancreas? _______________
3. What signals the gland to start secreting its hormone again?
______________________________________________________
4. What happens to excess hormones in the bloodstream? _________
_______________________________________________________
5. Which gland is involved with problems with calcium absorption?
______________________________