Transcript Autonomic Nervous System

Chapter 6
The Nervous System
Similar to a telephone system
Electrical messages travel along pre laid
cables, linked by relays and switchboards
In the body:
Cables
Nerve Fibers
Cables through out the body which
carry electrical impulses to and from
the brain
Relays
Switchboards
Synapses
Connections between nerve cells
Interneurons in the Brain
and Spinal Cord
Areas in the brain and spinal cord that
relay messages to appropriate parts
of the brain and spinal cord
In the body:
Sensory info is passed
Through ascending neurons
To the brain
Info processed in
the brain
Messages run to and
from the brain along
neurons
Motor impulses then
travel via descending
neuron tracts to the
body
How the Nervous System Works:
Messages - run to and from the brain along neurons :
Neurons-
Long thin nerve cells
Synapses- Gaps between the ends of the neurons
Neurotransmitters- chemical signals located at synapses
Cell
Axon
Dendrites
Synapses W/ Neurotransmitters
Nervous System: (structural)
2 Parts-
1. Central Nervous System-
brain and spinal cord
2. Peripheral Nervous System-
Smaller
branches of nerves reaching into the body
The Nervous System- (Functionally)
2 Parts:
1. Somatic Nervous System
2. Autonomic Nervous System
Controls voluntary Activities
Non Voluntary/Automatic Neural Activities
Pupil size
Heart Rate
Autonomic Nervous System :
2 Parts
- Fires up the body
- Relaxes the body
Sympathetic
•
Prepares the body for dealing with
emergencies or strenuous work
•
Speeds up heart rate which increases Oxygen and nutrients
to the tissues
•
Constricts and relaxes arteries so that blood flows to the correct
muscles during work
•
Increases blood pressure
•
Suspends some bodily activities: digestion, urination
Parasympathetic
•Works to conserver energy
•Enhances body’s ability to recover from strenuous activity
• Reduces heart rate and blood pressure
Journal Entry #4
1. Who was Luigi Galvani?
2. Why would he be considered significant as
far as science is concerned?
3. Why is he significant to science fiction
literature?
4. Why is he significant to the field of
Psychology?
1. Hind Brainrear of the skull
Includes:
CerebellumBalance and posture
PonsHearing and equilibrium
MedullaBreathing and other reflex actions
2. Midbrainsmall part of the brain
just above the pons
Integrates sensory input
And sends it upward and
Further into the brain to
Be processed
Reticular
Activating
Systemand Brainstem
Pons
Medulla
Midbrain
3. Forebrain:
above central core
Includes:
•Thalamus
•Hypothalamus
•Cerebral Cortex
•Cerebrum
Thalamus- integrates
sensory input for everything
except smell
HypothalamusMonitors emotions, sleep, basic
needs of hunger, thirst, etc.
AmygdalaControls violent emotions such as
rage and fear.
HippocampusImportant in the formation of memories
and in conditioning of emotional feelings
Cerebral CortexOutside layer of the
brain….think of it as a thick
swimming cap covering the
inside of the brain-
Learn and store
information…read, see,
understand
Cerebrum-
inner layer of the cortexsite of your conscious thinking
Cortex
Outside layer covering the inside of the
Brain-----*Imagine it as a thick swimming cap
This area of the brain receives impulses from the
skin and muscles and sends messages for body responses
Somatosensory Cortex- Receives information\processes requests
action from the Motor Cortex
Motor Cortex- Sends information to control body movements
Somatosensory Cortex-
Receives information
Amount of tissues in these areas directly relates to
The sensitivity of the body related to these areas
Try this next exercise to understand this better
Using a pen cap, key or other instrument have a partner
Touch areas on the inside of your palm and then on the top
of your hand. Which part of your hand would have a larger
area dedicated to it in your somatosensory cortex?
Lobes of the Brain
Regions of the brain that have been mapped
out and indicate approximately where
certain brain functions take place
Indicated by:
1. Observations of individuals and animals with brain
injuries
2. Stimulation of brain during surgery
Parietal:
Speech
Frontal:
Creativity
Personality
Attention/focus
Emotional control
Occipital:
Sight
Temporal:
Hearing
The Hemispheres of the Brain
Left:
Right:
Rational Thinking
Sequential
Structured
Time oriented
Prefers Talking and
writing
Thinks concretely
Controls feelings
Needs to be in control
Looks for similarities
Intuitive
Holistic
Spontaneous
Ignores deadlines
Uncertain
Looks for differences
Analytical
Takes more risks
Sees the whole picture
Visual/spatial
CREATIVE
Mathematics
Writing
Reading
Left
Words (Verbal)
Logical
Black and White
Numbers
Sequence
Analysis
Lists
Critical Thinking
Right
Images (nonverbal)
Intuitive
Color
Rhythm
Imagination
Daydreaming
Dimension
Creative Thinking
Corpus Callosum
Band of nerve fibers
separating the right and
left hemisphere of the
brain. It carries electrical
impulses back and forth
between the two
hemispheres.
Tends to be thicker
In females?
Eyes send impulses to
Both sides of the
brain
If corpus callosum is severed
It can cause difficulties in
functions
See something but
not be able to say
what it is
See something
funny, laugh but
not be able to tell
others what was
seen
Studying the Brain
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
Measure and record electrical activity
in the brain
Stimulation with electrodes
Wilder Penfield stimulated the brain during surgery to
determine what parts of the brain perform specific functions
Can be used to manage pain in cancer patients
Or violent uncontrollable behavior
Lesions-
The destroying of part of the brain.
This procedure results in modified behavior
Mostly only done in tests on animals………..
Lobotomy
a form of psychosurgery, also known as a leukotomy or
leucotomy (from Greek leukos: clear or white and tomos
meaning "cut/slice"). It consists of cutting the
connections to and from, or simply destroying, the
prefrontal cortex. These procedures often result in major
personality changes and possible mental disabilities.
Lobotomies were used in the past to treat a wide range of
severe mental illnesses, including schizophrenia, clinical
depression, and various anxiety disorders. After the
introduction of the antipsychotic Thorazine, lobotomies
fell out of common use.[1]
Accidents
Case Study:
Phineas Gage
This man lived with the stake that had been driven through his
Head. He has no loss of memory, skills or body functions.
He did have personality changes: He became childish, impatient
short tempered and capricious
ImagesComputerized Axial Tomography- CAT Scan
Scans used to pinpoint injuries radiation is measured in
brain tissue
Positron Emission Tomography- (PET) scan
By injecting a radioactive solution into the blood and then
measuring the amount of radiation in the blood cells of the
brain a visual picture of the the brain can be displayed and will
Change as the person speaks or thinks or looks at a piece of art
Magnetic Resonance Imaging- MRI
Combines features of both CAT and PET scans and uses radio
signals to study both the structure and and function of the
brain.
New…..fMRI (Functional Resonance Imaging)