Transcript A Jeopardy Review Brain-1

Click on “Chapter 4” to start game
•Chapter 4: Nervous System
• Chapter 5: Sleep and Dreaming
You’re on my
last neuron
Check Out
My Brain!
I’m So
Nervous!
Let’s Chat
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Brain
Stem
To Round Two!
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The destruction of brain
tissue.
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In this scan, electrodes are
placed on the scalp to record
electrical brain waves.
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A series of X-rays taken
from different angles that
can reveal brain damage.
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Glucose in injected & this
gives a visual of brain
activity when you perform
certain functions.
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Technique for revealing
bloodflow, activity, &
function of the brain.
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Respectively, the division of the
nervous system made up of
the brain & spinal cord AND
the division responsible for
communication with muscles &
glands.
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The part of the Peripheral Nervous
System that enables voluntary
control of our muscles.
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You don’t have to concentrate to
get this half of the PNS to work
because it does so
automatically.
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Part of the PNS that gives you
energy to spring into action
(ready for “fight or flight”).
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These are responsible for
releasing the hormones
(i.e. epinephrine/adrenaline &
norepinephrine/nonadrenaline)
associated with the “fight or
flight” response
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The area including the space
or gap between neurons.
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Chemicals released by one
neuron and received by
another neuron.
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A message received by a
neuron that decreases the
likelihood of the neuron
firing.
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A nerve impulse is faster if an
axon has this.
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A brief electrical charge that
travels down the axon.
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Messages pass to other neurons,
muscles, or glands through this
part of a neuron.
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These “glue” cells make up 90% of the
cells in the brain.
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This part of a neuron receives
messages from other cells.
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The three types of neurons.
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This is the level of stimulation
required to trigger a neural
impulse.
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This part of the brain stem
controls your heartbeat &
breathing.
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Hey! Pay attention! Something
important is happening! It’s
this part of the brain stem
that alerts you to potentially
important goings on in your
environment.
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This “little brain” helps us
coordinate voluntary
movements, such as balance
and walking.
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In terms of location, the brain
stem sits on top of this.
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This sits at the top of the
brainstem and is the brain’s
sensory switchboard through
which all sensory info
(except smell) travels.
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DAILY
DOUBLE
Question
Midbrain
Lobes
Two halves
make a
whole
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To Round One
Sleep &
Dreaming
Grab bag
To Final Jeopardy!
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Brain structure that controls your
drives to survive, such as
hunger, thirst, & body temp.
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This neural system is associated
with emotions and drives (the 4
Fs).
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This supervises the other
glands and is known as
the “master gland”.
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If you can’t remember playing
this game an hour from now,
you may have a problem with
this brain structure.
Correct Answer
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If this structure is
stimulated, you might get
aggressive and punch
Julissa in the mouth &
kick Esquivel in his big
head.
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The beat goes on in this
“listening” lobe.
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If the thalamus is sent
images from the eyes,
they will be sent to this
lobe.
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Goldilocks may have been
using this lobe as she judged
porridge to be too hot, too
cold, and just right.
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After a freak accident, Phineas
Gage showed a change in
personality when this lobe was
damaged.
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This area let’s you speak, but
it’s not the area that helps
you understand.
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Broad band of nerve fibers
connecting the right and left
brain hemispheres.
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Most people process language
with this hemisphere.
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When you recognize a face
in a crowd you are most
likely using this
hemisphere.
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If a picture is shown in your
left visual field, it will be
processed by the occipital
lobe in this brain
hemisphere.
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If you are shown a picture in
your right visual field, and then
are asked to draw it, you will
most likely use this hand.
It may help to assume you are
a split brain patient.
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These are patterns of
electrical activity that
changes during stages os
sleep?
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It’s the stage of sleep when
you are most likely to
sleep walk?
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To sleep perchance to dream.
You are more likely to do
that during this type of sleep.
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The fact that students often
dream about taking exams
seems to support this theory
of dreaming.
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It the theory of dreaming that
says that your cerebrum is
just making stories to make
sense of random signals
from the pons (brain stem).
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A shortage of this
neurotransmitter might make
you feel sad.
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Michael J. Fox has this
neurological disorder
associated with the
neurotransmitter dopamine.
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These are our body’s natural
pain killers.
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Three parts of the limbic
system.
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The brain’s ability to change,
reorganize, and build new
pathways after damage.
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DAILY
DOUBLE
Question
DAILY
DOUBLE
Question
FINAL JEOPARDY
CATEGORY
Measuring the brain
.
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What is:
lesion?
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What is:
EEG?
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What is:
CT/CAT Scan?
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What is:
PET Scan?
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What is:
fMRI?
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What is:
Central Nervous System
&
Peripheral Nervous System
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What is:
Somatic Nervous System
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What is:
Autonomic nervous system?
(Controls and regulates internal
organs, glands, and blood vessels.
These processes are automatic
and involuntary.)
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What is:
Sympathetic nervous system?
(A branch of the autonomic nervous system. The
sympathetic nervous system increases a body’s
energy output, so that the body can be easily
mobilized into action. Analogous to a gas pedal
on a car. )
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What are:
Adrenal Glands?
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What is:
Synapse?
(Synapse includes the space between neurons
(Synaptic gap or cleft), the axon terminal, and
receptor sites on the receiving cell)
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What are:
Neurotransmitters?
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What is:
inhibitory?
(Neurotransmitters are released from the axon
terminals of the sending sell and picked up by
the dendrite of the receiving cell. If sufficient
stimulation occurs, the receiving cell may fire
(excitatory) or stop firing (inhibitory).)
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What is:
Myelin sheath
(Fatty substance that acts to insulate axon. The myelin
sheath increases speed of impulse because electrical
charge of nerve impulse doesn’t have to move along
entire cell membrane – instead the impulse jumps
from node to node, the spaces between the sheath.)
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What is:
Action potential?
(Also call a nerve impulse. When a neuron is
stimulated, it’s electrical charge changes from
negative to positive. The resulting electrical
charge moves through the cell body and down
the axon. )
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What is:
axon?
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What is:
Glia?
(These cells are involved in keeping neurons
functioning, e.g. providing nutrition. They also
are involved in communication between
neurons.)
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What is:
Dendrite?
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What are:
Sensory-carry info to brain & spinal cord
Motor-carry info from brain/spinal cord to muscles
& glands
Interneurons-communicate bw sensory & motor
?
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What is threshold?
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What is:
The medulla?
(Controls automatic, usually unconscious functions like
breathing and heart rate.)
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What is:
The reticular activating
system?
(This network of nerve cells screens incoming sensory
information and arouses or activates the cerebrum to
direct our attention to important information.)
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What is:
The cerebellum
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What is:
Top of the spinal cord?
(The brain stem starts where the spinal cord
ends. It is often considered to be the most
primitive part of the brain.)
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What is:
The Thalamus?
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What is:
Hypothalamus?
(Involved in emotions and motivations related to
survival including thirst, hunger, reproduction.
It is the executive in charge of the hormonal
system – the pituitary is it’s second in
command. The hypothalamus also regulates
the autonomic nervous system.)
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What is:
Limbic System?
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What is:
Pituitary gland?
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What is:
The hippocampus?
(Functions to store new information in the brain.
It is NOT where older information is stored in
memory. So if your hippocampus is damaged,
you might have trouble remembering this game
in a couple of minutes, you would still
remember older, previously formed memories.)
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Who is:
Amygdala?
(This structure controls your initial emotional
response to stimuli. Also involved in arousal.
For example, may spur you to run in fear if you
think you see a mugger behind a bush. This
initial response can be changed by the
cerebrum upon further analysis. For example, if
you realize that the mugger is really just the
wind blowing the limbs of the bush, you won’t
run.)
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What is:
Temporal?
(Located above the ears, this is where the
auditory cortex is located.)
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What is:
Occipital?
(The visual cortex is in the lobe
located at the back of the cerebrum.)
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What is:
Parietal?
(The parietal lobe contains the somatosenory cortex.
Soma means body, hence this part of the cerebrum
analyzes sensory information, including temperature,
sent from the body to the brain. The somatosensory
cortex is adjacent to the motor cortex in the frontal
lobe. So if Goldilocks senses that some porridge is
too hot with the somatosensory cortex, the motor
cortex can quickly send out a command to spit it out.)
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What is:
Frontal?
(This lobe has many functions including social judgment,
higher-order thinking, and planning – these may account
for Mr. Gage’s personality changes. This lobe is also
involved in memory, and speech production. The motor
cortex is also found here.)
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Broca’s area?
(Located on left side of frontal lobe. The area
responsible for understanding speech is on the
left side of the temporal lobe, and is named
Wernickes’ area.)
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What is:
Corpus Callosum?
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What is:
Left?
(This is true even of most left handers. Broca’s
area for speech production is located in the left
frontal lobe. Wernicke’s area for speech
comprehension is in the left temporal lobe.)
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What is:
Right?
(The right hemisphere specializes in visual-spatial
tasks, and facial recognition may be a special
case of such a task. This hemisphere is less
verbal than the left. Some people also believe it
is more emotional and less logical than the left.)
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What is:
Right?
(Information from the left visual field crosses
over to the opposite brain hemisphere, i.e.
the right. Information from the right visual
field goes to the left brain.
Note that the visual field is the external visual environment, it
is not your eyes. The information from the visual field is picked
up by your eyes, and is then sent to the brain.
)
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What is:
Right hand?
(This is NOT because most people are right handed. Information
from the right visual field is processed by the left brain
hemisphere. The left brain controls the right side of the body.
Hence, the right hand has access to the picture seen by the left
brain. You may remember that the left hemisphere is not a
specialist in visual-spatial tasks, so it may not be a great artist.
Despite this limitation, it can create a recognizable drawing.)
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What is:
Brain waves?
(Different stages of sleep show different patterns of
brain waves as measures by EEG,
electroencephalogram.)
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What is:
Stage 4?
(This is the deepest level of sleep, so it is
surprising that sleepwalking and talking often
occur now. The causes of sleepwalking are
not completely understood, but is more
common in children and is associated with
illness, e.g., running a fever.)
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What is:
REM?
(Rapid eye movement. The first episode of REM sleep
starts about 90 minutes after we fall asleep and recurs
every 90 minutes thereafter. The length of REM varies,
but tend to become longer at the end of the sleep cycle,
i.e., when we are close to waking up. REM sleep is also
called paradoxical sleep, because our brain waves show
that our brains are very active – almost awake, but our
muscles are partially paralyzed.)
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What is:
Reflection of current concerns?
(Theory that our dreams reflect issues from our
current life. Hence students dream about exams
because they spend part of their waking hours
preparing for, taking, and worrying about exams.
Nonstudents are less likely to dream about
exams.)
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What is :
Activation-synthesis theory?
(The pons, a structure in the brain stem, is involved in
sleep and dreaming. Neurons in the pons fire during
sleep, hence information is sent to the brain from the pons
– this is the activation. The information is random, it is not
in story form. The higher order functions of our cerebrum,
however, tries to make sense of those random thoughts,
images, and feelings and incorporate them into a dream –
this is the synthesis. This process may explain why many
of our dreams are so weird.
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What is:
Serotonin?
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What are:
Parkinson’s disease?
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What are:
endorphins?
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What is:
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala?
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What is:
Plasticity?
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Final
Jeopardy
What is:
PET scan?
(Positron emission tomography works by tracking the brain’s use of
glucose. When a part of the brain is active, the blood carries
glucose that the brain uses for energy to that part of the brain.
Hence by tracking the glucose use, investigators can get a sense of
the workings of the brain. In studies, a radioactive element is
injected with a glucoselike substance. Special scanners track the
radioactivity as it travels through the blood stream. The level of
radioactivity is very low and is not harmful. Some PET scans track
blood flow or oxygen levels to determine brain activity. )