Transcript CHAPTER 3 BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR

PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR
Section 1: The Nervous System
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
Section 3: The Endocrine System
Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background
1
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 1 The Nervous System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
The Nervous System
 Nervous system is involved in thinking, dreaming,
feeling, moving, and much more.
 It works when we are active, still, awake or asleep.
 Regulates our internal functions and how we react to
the external world.
 Learning and memory are made possible by the
nervous system
2
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Neurons
 Neurons—run through out entire bodies and
communicate with each other.
 Send and receive messages from other
structures in the body such as muscles and
glands
 More than 100 billion neurons in the body,
most of them are located in the brain.
3
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
 The somatic nervous system transmits sensory
messages to the central nervous system
 Activated by touch, pain, changes in
temperature and changes in body position.
 It enables us to experience the sensation of hot
and cold and to feel pain and pressure.
4
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
 The autonomic nervous system regulates the
body’s vital functions such as heartbeat and
breathing, digestion, and blood pressure.
 Autonomic Nervous System has two main
divisions: the sympathetic and the
parasympathetic nervous systems.
 Sympathetic—activated when a person is
going into action. It prepares the body either
to confront the situation or to run away. (“fight
or flight” response)
5
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
 Parasympathetic—restores the body’s reserves
of energy after an action has occurred.
 Best way to remember
 Sympathetic equals Stress
 Parasympathetic equals Peace
6
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 2 The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
 The ancient Egyptians believed that a little person
dwelled within the skull and regulated behavior.
 Greek philosopher Aristotle thought that the soul
resided in the heart.
 Psychologist B. F. Skinner noted that the English
language still reflects the belief in the heart as the seat
of will, thought, hunger, and joy.
 Today, we recognize that the mind or consciousness,
dwells within the brain.
7
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
 The Human brain is composed of many parts
that work together to organize our movements,
create our thoughts, form our emotions, and
produce our behaviors.
 The brain is divided into 3 sections: the
hindbrain, the midbrain and the forebrain.
8
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
9
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
 Hindbrain – lower part of the brain involved in
many vital functions such as heart rate,
respiration and balance.
1. Medulla
2. Pons
3. Cerebellum
A person whose cerebellum is injured may walk
unevenly and even occasionally fall down.
10
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
 Midbrain – includes areas that are involved in vision
and hearing
 contains part of the reticular activating system.
 Sudden loud noises stimulate the reticular activating
system and can awaken a sleeping person.
 The system can also screen out some noises.
11
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
 Forebrain – front area of the brain involved in
complex functions such as thought and
emotion
 Four key areas are: thalamus, the
hypothalamus, the limbic system and the
cerebrum.
12
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
 Hypothalamus - extremely important because
it is involved in many aspects of behavior and
physiological functions.
 It is also involved in hunger, thirst, sexual
behavior, caring for offspring, and aggression.
 Disturbances within the hypothalamus can lead
to unusual drinking and eating behaviors.
 Our behavior is less mechanical and tends to
be influenced by cognitive functions such as
thought, choice and value systems.
13
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
 Limbic system—forms a fringe along the inner
edge of the cerebrum.
 It is involved in learning and memory,
emotion, hunger, sex, and aggression.
 If a particular part of the limbic system is
damaged, people can recall old memories but
do not create new memories.
14
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
 The Cerebrum—Only in human beings does the
cerebrum make up such a large part of the brain.
 It accounts for about 70 % of the weight of the brain.
 Cerebral Cortex - Part of the brain that we tend to
think of when we talk about the brain. Memory,
language, emotions, perception, motor skills
15
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON