Transcript Chapter 18
Regulation Is achieved by both the nervous system and the endocrine system in humans *Both systems secrete chemicals and play a major role in homeostasis The difference between both: Nervous System Endocrine System Nerve responses Endocrine are more rapid responses are of a (neurons) than the longer duration endocrine system than that of nerve (blood) responses Neurons The nervous system is made up of nerve cells called neurons Neurons are used for the transmission of impulses (message) Three types of neurons: Sensory neurons Interneuron Motor neuron http://psych.hanover.edu/Krantz/neurotut.html A Neuron Section 35-2 Nucleus Axon terminals Cell body Myelin sheath Nodes Axon Dendrites Figure 35-6 Resting Potential Section 35-2 Figure 35-7 An Impulse Section 35-2 Figure 35-7 An Impulse Section 35-2 Figure 35-7 An Impulse Section 35-2 Figure 35-7 An Impulse Section 35-2 Figure 35-8 The Synapse Section 35-2 Direction of Impulse Dendrite of adjacent neuron Axon Vesicle Receptor Axon terminal Synaptic cleft Neurotransmitter DO NOW: Using the following terms describe the path of an impulse through a reflex arc. (path at which a reflex occurs) Effector, Response, Receptor, Stimulus Sensory neuron, Inter neuron, motor neuron Neurotransmitter, synapse DO NOW: Label the following: Response, Receptor, Sensory neuron, Interneuron, motor neuron, spinal cord 1. 6. 4. 3. Stimulus 5. 2. DO NOW: 1. Label the following: Receptor 6. Response 4. Interneuron 3.spinal cord Stimulus 5. motor neuron 2. Sensory neuron, DO NOW: Answer Stimulus receptor sensory neuron neurotransmitter interneuron neurotransmitter Motor neuron neurotransmitter Effector (muscle/gland) response Video chapter 35b DO NOW: Answer 3. sensory neuron 1. Stimulus 2.receptor 6. Effector (muscle/gland) 7. response 4. interneuron 5. Motor neuron Reflex Arc Sensory neuron Transmit impulses from the sense organs (receptors) to the spinal cord Sense organs include eyes, ears, tongue, nose, and skin Interneuron Found in the spinal cord and brain Transmit impulses from the sensory neuron to the motor neurons Motor neuron Transmit impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effectors (muscle or gland) (II) Central Nervous System Consist of a brain and spinal cord A) Brain The most active organ in the body Receives 20% of the blood pumped by the heart Is a large mass of neurons located in the cranium (skull) Three major division: Cerebrum Cerebellum Medulla Oblongata Do Now: There are three main parts to the human brain. The Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Medulla Oblongata Which part of the brain are you using to: Control Breathing Speech thinking Balance Control your Heart beat Control your Reflexes Do Now: There are three main parts to the human brain. The Cerebrum, Cerebellum Medulla Oblongata Which part of the brain are you using to: Control Breathing Medulla Oblongata Speech Cerebrum Thinking Cerebrum Balance Cerebellum Control your Heart beat Medulla Oblongata control your Reflexes None the brain does not play a role in reflexes (SPINAL CORD ONLY) The Human Brain http://www.illusionworks.com/html/breathing_square.html How many F’s? Finished files are the result of years of scientific study combined with the experience of many years of experts. Motion Induced Blindness http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/mot_mib /index.html A) Brain Note that the brain is convoluted or folded. The convolutions of the brain allow for a greater surface area for gray matter. Cerebrum Largest part of the brain Center of control for: a) voluntary body movements b) 5 senses c) memory (learning + thought) Cerebrum Divided into left and right hemispheres. Outer layer of the cerebrum is the cortex (cerebral cortex). Different areas are responsible for different functions. Brain Scans PET scan on the left shows two areas of the brain (red and yellow) that become particularly active when volunteers read words on a video screen: the primary visual cortex and an additional part of the visual system, both in the back of the left hemisphere. Other brain regions become especially active when subjects hear words through ear-phones, as seen in the PET scan on the right. Figure 35-9 The Brain Section 35-3 Cerebrum Thalamus Pineal gland Hypothalamus Cerebellum Pituitary gland Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Section 35-5 Commonly Abused Drugs Drug Type Medical Use Examples Effects on the body Stimulants Used to increase alertness, relieve fatigue Amphetamines Increase heart and respiratory rates; elevate blood pressure; dilate pupils; decrease appetite Depressants Used to relieve anxiety, irritability, tension Barbiturates Tranquilizers Slow down the actions of the central nervous system; small amounts cause calmness and relaxation; larger amounts cause slurred speech and impaired judgement Opiates Used to relieve pain Morphine Codeine Act as a depressant; cause drowsiness, restlessness, nausea Cerebellum Coordinates motor activities (voluntary movement) Aids in maintaining balance Medulla Involuntary activities like breathing and heartbeat Cross Section of the Spinal Cord Section 35-3 Gray matter Spinal nerve Central canal White matter Meninges B) Spinal Cord Extends from the brain and is protected by the vertebrae of the spinal column. Is not the backbone or spine. The spinal cord coordinates activities between the brain and other body structures B) Spinal Cord It is the center for reflex action a) a reflex is an involuntary, automatic response to a given stimulus b) reflex behavior involves a pathway known as the reflex arc over which impulses travel Concept Map Section 35-3 The Nervous System is divided into Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Motor nerves which consists of that make up Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system which is divided into Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Sensory nerves C) Peripheral Nervous System Consist of nerves extending throughout the body Is separated into 2 parts: Autonomic Nervous System Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Consists of nerves that regulate involuntary actions like heartbeat and gland secretions Somatic Nervous System Consist of nerves that regulate voluntary muscles of the skeleton Chapter 20 Human Nervous System The Senses of Smell and Taste Section 35-4 Olfactory (smell) bulb Taste sensory area Olfactory nerve Thalamus Cerebral cortex Smell receptor Nasal cavity Smell sensory area Taste bud Taste pore Taste receptor Sensory nerve fibers Figure 35-14 The Eye Section 35-4 Vitreous humor Muscle Lens Fovea Aqueous humor Cornea Pupil Optic nerve Iris Blood vessels Ligaments Retina Choroid Sclera Figure 35-15 The Ear Section 35-4 Anvil Stirrup Hammer Oval window Semicircular canals Cochlear nerve Cochlea Bone Auditory canal Tympanum Round window Eustachian tube Olfactory senses "The VNO appears to be a much more primitive structure that uses a different set of molecular machinery than the main olfactory system ," http://www.illusionworks.com/html/color_aftereffect.html http://www.illusionworks.com/html/motion_aftereffect.html http://www.illusionworks.com/html/shadow.html Disorders of the Nervous System Cerebral Palsy A group of diseases caused by damage to the parts of the brain that control voluntary movement This damage occurs during embryonic development Meningitis Inflammation of the membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord Stroke A disorder in which the brain is damaged as a result of cerebral hemorrhage (a broken vessel in the brain) or a blood clot in a blood vessel located in the brain Polio A viral disease of the central nervous system which may result in paralysis It is now prevented through immunization