Ch 48: Nervous System – part 1
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Transcript Ch 48: Nervous System – part 1
NOTES: CH 48
Neurons, Synapses, and
Signaling
A nervous system has three overlapping
functions:
1) SENSORY INPUT: signals from sensory
receptors to integration centers
2) INTEGRATION: information from sensory
receptors is interpreted and associated
with appropriate responses
3) MOTOR OUTPUT: conduction of signals
from the integration center to effector cells
(muscle cells or gland cells)
*CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
integration center
brain and spinal cord
*PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM (PNS)
made up of nerves
(ropelike bundles
of neurons)
nerves communicate
motor and sensory
signals to and from CNS
and rest of body
Two Main Classes of Cells:
1) NEURONS:
functional unit of the nervous system
transmits signals from one location to another
made up of: cell body, dendrites, axon
many axons are enclosed by an insulating
layer called the MYELIN SHEATH
include:
sensory neurons,
interneurons,
motor neurons
2) GLIAL CELLS (“GLIA”) SUPPORTING CELLS
10 to 50 times more numerous than
neurons
provide structure; protect, insulate,
assist neurons
example: Schwann cells and
oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths
in the PNS and CNS, respectively
MYELIN SHEATH:
produced by Schwann cells in the
peripheral nervous system;
gaps between successive Schwann
cells are called NODES OF
RANVIER….
***the #10 term!!!
NODES OF RANVIER!
***word #10 on my list!!!
1) Okazaki fragments
2) plasmodesmata
3) ???????
4) ???????
5) ???????
6) rubisco
7) oxaloacetate
8) islets of Langerhans
9) Batesian mimicry
10) nodes of Ranvier
2) GLIA (SUPPORTING CELLS)
example: astrocytes: responsible for
blood-brain barrier
Astrocyte
Nerve
cells
ACTION POTENTIALS & NERVE
IMPULSES
all cells have an electrical charge difference
across their plasma membranes; that is,
they are POLARIZED.
this voltage is called the MEMBRANE
POTENTIAL (usually –50 to –100 mV)
inside of cell is negative relative to outside
arises from differences in ionic
concentrations inside and outside cell
**A- = group of anions
including proteins,
amino acids, sulfate,
phosphate, etc.; large
molecules that cannot
cross the membrane
and therefore provide
a pool of neg. charge
that remains in the
cell
How is this potential maintained?
the sodiumpotassium pump
uses ATP to
maintain the ionic
gradients across the
membrane
(3 Na+ out; 2 K+ in)
the “resting potential”
of a nerve cell is approx.
–70 mV
neurons have special
ion channels (GATED
ION CHANNELS) that allow the cell
to change its membrane potential
(a.k.a. “excitable” cells)
when a stimulus reaches a neuron, it
causes the opening of gated ion
channels
(e.g.: light photoreceptors in the eye;
sound waves/vibrations hair cells in
inner ear)
HYPERPOLARIZATION: membrane
potential becomes more negative (K+
channel opens; increased outflow of K+)
DEPOLARIZATION: membrane potential
becomes less negative
(Na+ channel opens; increased inflow
of Na+)
**If the level of depolarization reaches the
THRESHOLD POTENTIAL, an ACTION
POTENTIAL is triggered.
ACTION
POTENTIALS
(APs):
the nerve impulse
all-or-none event;
magnitude is
independent of the
strength of the
stimulus
5 Phases of an A.P.:
1) Resting state
2) Depolarizing phase
3) Rising phase of A.P.
4) Falling phase of AP (repolarizing phase)
5) Undershoot
Phase of
A.P.
State of Voltage-Gated Sodium (Na+) Channel
State of
VoltageGated
Potassium
(K+) channel
Activation gate
Inact. Gate
Entire
channel
1) Resting
closed
open
closed
closed
2 & 3)
Depolarization
open
open
open
closed
4) Repolarization
open
closed
closed
open
5)
Undershoot
closed
closed
closed
open
**during the undershoot, both Na+ channel
gates are closed; if a second depolarizing
stimulus arrives during this time, the
neuron will NOT respond
(REFRACTORY PERIOD)
strong stimuli result in greater frequency
of action potentials than weaker stimuli
How do action potentials “travel” along an
axon?
the strong depolarization of one action
potential assures that the neighboring region
of the neuron will be depolarized above
threshold, triggering a new action potential,
and so on…
“Saltatory Conduction”
SYNAPSE: junction
between a neuron and
another cell; found
between:
-2 neurons
-sensory receptor
& sensory neuron
-motor neuron & muscle
cell
-neuron & gland cell
Motor Neuron and Muscle Cell
Presynaptic cell = transmitting cell
Postsynaptic cell = receiving cell
Electrical Synapses: allow action potentials to
spread directly from pre- to postsynaptic cell
*connected by gap junctions (intercellular
channels that allow local ion currents)
**Most synapses are…
Chemical Synapses: cells are separated by a
synaptic cleft, so cells are not electrically
coupled; a series of events converts:
elec. signal chem.signal elec.signal
HOW???...
NEUROTRANSMITTERS: intercellular
messengers; released into synaptic cleft when
synaptic vesicles fuse with presynaptic
membrane
specific receptors for neurotransmitters project
from postsynaptic membrane; most receptors
are coupled with ion channels
neurotransmitters are quickly broken down by
enzymes so that the stimulus ends
the electrical charge caused by the binding of
neurotransmitter to the receptor can be:
EPSP (Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential):
membrane potential is moved closer to
threshold (depolarization)
IPSP (Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential):
membrane potential is hyperpolarized (more
negative)
most single EPSPs are not strong
enough to generate an action potential
when several EPSPs occur close
together or simultaneously, they have
an additive effect on the postsynaptic
potential: SUMMATION
-temporal vs. spatial
Examples of neurotransmitters:
**acetylcholine
epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine
serotonin
endorphins
Neuromuscular junction; can
be inhibitory or excitatory
epin. & norep. also function as
hormones; “fight or flight
response”
dop. & ser. both affect sleep, mood,
attention, learning; LSD &
mescaline bind to ser. & dop.
receptors
Decrease perception of pain by
CNS; (heroin & morphine
mimic endorphins)
Neurotransmitters: Ach
ACETYLCHOLINE: triggers
skeletal muscle fibers to contract…
so, how does a muscle contraction
stop???
Neurotransmitters: Ach
a muscle contraction ceases when
the acetylcholine in the synapse of
the neuromuscular junction is
broken down by the enzyme…..
wait for it………………….
ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE!!
It’s term #4!!!!!
ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE = the
enzyme the breaks down the
neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE!
***word #4 on my list!!!
1) Okazaki fragments
2) plasmodesmata
3) ????????
4) acetylcholinesterase
5) ????????
6) rubisco
7) oxaloacetate
8) islets of Langerhans
9) Batesian mimicry
10) nodes of Ranvier