Transcript Galena Park High School - Galena Park ISD Moodle

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Galena Park High School
Nervous System
Instructor: Terry E. Jones
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I. Function
A. Coordination
1. Controls senses and stimuli
between all systems.
2. Coordinates muscle movement
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B. Protection
1. Senses danger and responds
2. Maintains electrical signals
through out the body
3. Stimulates glandular secretions
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C. Higher Level Thinking
1. Analyzes and formulates
2. Repository for vast amounts of
knowledge
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II. Physical Organization
A. Central Nervous System
1. Brain and spinal cord
2. Acts as a sensory processing
and command center
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B. Peripheral Nervous System
1. Nerves leaving the spinal cord
2. Location of sensory neurons
3. Transmits impulses to organs
and glands
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III. Functional Organization
Peripheral Nervous System
A. Afferent Division
1. Moves impulses from sensory
cells to the brain
a. Somatic Sensors-from skin,
skeletal and joints
b. Visceral Sensors from organs
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B. Efferent Division (motor)
1. Carries impulses from brain to
the organs and muscles
2. The impulse creates a response
or a motor response
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C. Sub-divisions of the Motor Division
1. Voluntary system
a. Mostly skeletal Muscle
b. Can be controlled by our
actions
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2. Involuntary system
a. Cardiac Muscle
b. Smooth Muscle
c. We do not control them.
They are controlled by the
brain
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3. Parts of the Involuntary system
a. Sympathetic –generally
maintains activities of systems
at rest or doing natural tasks
b. Parasympathetic – generally reacts
to stress when systems out of
balance
c. Both work in opposition to each
other
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IV. Anatomy-Nervous Tissue
A. Neuroglia (all types of nerve cells)
1. Astrocyte Cells
a. Link capillaries to neurons
b. Attached to neurons
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IV. Anatomy-Nervous Tissue
A. Neuroglia (all types of nerve cells)
1. Astrocyte Cells
a. Link capillaries to neurons
b. Attached to neurons
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2. Microglia Cells
a. Spider-like appearance
b. Dispose of debris and bacteria
in the brain
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3. Ependymal Cells
a. Attached to cavities of the
brain and spinal cord
b. Their beating cilia moves fluid
around the brain and spinal cord
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4. Oligodendrocyte Cells
a. Wrap around neurons in brain
b. Forms the myelin sheath that
insulates neurons
c. Brain tumors effect these cells
since they can divide
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5. Schwann Cells
a. Wrap around neurons in the
periphery neurons
b. Forms the myelin sheath that
insulates neurons
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6. Neuron
a. Impulse transmitting cells of the
nervous system
b. Cell Body- main sections of the
cell which has the organelles
c. Dendrites – branched appendages that
carry the impulse toward the cell body
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d. Axon – Branched appendage that carries
the impulse away from the cell body
nervous system
e. Axon Terminal – End of an axon filled with
neurotransmitters
f. Synapse – Gap between neurons over which
the impulse is carried by neurotransmitter
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IV. Generating an Impulse
A. Resting Membrane
1. Waiting for stmuli
2. Outside of membrane- positive
3. Inside of membrane - negative
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B. Depolarization
1. Stimuli changes permeability of
membrane
2. Positive ions rush in
3. Inside becomes more positive;
outside becomes more negative
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C. Generation of Active Potential
1. If stimulus is strong, entire
membrane switches polarity
2. This causes a flow of electricity
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D. Propagation of Action Potential
1. After first spot on membrane
changes polarity
2. The change moves down the
entire length of the membrane
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E. Repolarization
1. Stimulus disappears and membrane
permeability return to normal
2. Positive ions flow out and original
positive and negative condition is
restored
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F. End of the Line
1. When action potential reaches end of
the axon, a neurotransmitter is released
into the synaptic cleft
2. Neurotransmitter diffuses across cleft
and attaches to receptors on the next nerve
3. Impulse process starts again for next nerve
cell
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V. Reflex Arcs
A. Five Parts of a Reflex Arc
1. Receptor-Senses the Stimulus
2. Sensory Neuron-Takes impulse to
spinal cord
3. Integration Center – Transfers
impulse into a response
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4. Motor Neuron – Takes impulse
from spinal cord to a muscle
5. Effector – Muscle or organ
receiving impulse
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VI. The Brain
A. Cerebrum - Anatomy
1. Two hemispheres
2. Largest part of the brain
3. Superior to the other brain areas
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4. Gyri –raised ridges of tissue
5. Sulcus – Shallow grooves
separating the gyri
6. Fissures – deep grooves
separating lobes of the cerebrum
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7. Lobes – large portions of the
cerebrum which generally have
special functions
B. Lobes of the Cerebrum
Parietal Lobe, Frontal, Occipital,
and Frontal
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1. Parietal
a. Orientation
b. Consciousness of Senses
c. Recognition
d. Movement
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2. Occipital Lobe
a. Sight Sensation
b. Sight Interpretation
3. Temporal Lobe
a. Hearing
b. Sense of Smell
c. Speech
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4. Frontal Lobe
a. Reasoning, Planning
b. Parts of Speech
c. Movement
d. Emotions
e. Problem solving
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C. Diencephalon Areas
1. Thalamus
a. Relay station for sensory input
b. Can sense good or bad
c. Final interpretation is done in the
sensory cortex
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2. Hypothalamus
a. Regulates body temperature,
water balance and metabolism
b. Emotional drives centered here
C. Control the pituitary gland
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3. Epithalamus
a. Contains the pineal gland
b. Forms the cerebospinal fluids
important to the central nervous
system
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D. Brain Stem Areas
1. Midbrain
a. Reflex centers for hearing and
vision
2. Pons
a. Fiber tracts pass through the pons
b. Involved in breathing
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3. Medulla Oblongata
a. Connects with the spinal cord
b. Involved in heart rate, blood
pressure, breathing, swallowing
and vomiting
4. Reticular Formation-controls motor
activity – Found in all of the brain
stem
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E. Cerebellum
1. Located under and behind the
cerebrum
2. Provides homeostasis involving our
balance and equilibrium
3. Monitors body performance and sends out
adjustments when needed.
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VII. Homeostasis
A. Ataxia
1. Loss of muscle coordination due
to cerebellum damage from
stroke or head injury
2. Appearance of stumbling or drunk
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B. Encephalitis
1. Pressure on the brain
2. Caused by bacteria or virus
3. Meningitis occurs with it many
times
4. Headache, fever, convulsions
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C. Hydrocephalus
1. Fluid is obstructed
2. Causes pressure on the brain
3. Babies heads grow larger because
bones are flexible.
4. Adults suffer brain damage
5. Shunts are inserted to drain excess
fluid into a vein in the neck
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D. Multiple Sclerosis
1. Myelin sheath around neurons is
destroyed
2. Cells become inflexible
3. Electrical impulses short circuited
4. Loss of muscle control
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E. Concussion
1. Mild hit to the head
2. Causes dizziness
F. Contusion
1. Major tissue damage
2. Loss of motor activities
3. Brain stem contusion causes coma for days
or a lifetime
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G. Cerebral Edema
1. Bleeding in the brain
2. Accidents
3. Sports
4. Brain swells causing damge
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H. Cerebrovascular Accident
1. Stroke
2. Blood doesn’t reach the brain
3. Can be mild or severe depending
on where the blockage occurred
and how long
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I. Alzheimers
1. Degeneration of brain function
2. Effect memory and mood
3. Cause unknown
4. Little treatment
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J. Parkinson’s Disease
1. Degeneration of dopamine
releasing neurons
2. Lack of dopamine cause an over
reaction of basal nuclei
3. Muscle tremors, head rolling
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K. Huntington’s Disease
1. Degeneration of neurons
2. Inhibition of basal nuclei
3. Jerky, flapping motions, mental
deterioration
4. No cure
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VIII. Cranial Nerves
A. Olfactory I –Sense of Smell
B. Optic II – Sense of sight
C. Oculomotor III – Fibers that move the
muscles of the eyeballs except oblique
and lateral rectus
D. Trochlear IV – Supplies motor impulses
for one eye muscle the oblique
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E. Trigeminal V – Facial skin, nose and
mouth sensory cells. Motor nerves
for chewing.
F. Abducens VI – Motor neurons to
the lateral rectus muscle that rolls
the eye
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G. Facial VII –Taste anterior buds, motor
neurons for facial expression, tears
H. Vestibulocochlear (Auditory) VIIISense of hearing, sense of balance
I. Glossopharyngeal IX – Motor nuerons
for swallowing, sensory neurons for
posterior taste buds
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J. Hypoglossal XII – Senses from the
tongue and motor neurons for
tongue movement.