Transcript Physical Development

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
MATURATION AND GROWTH
A. Birth to Two Years
1. Birth
2. Neonatal Period
3. Each Month
4. Fourth Month
5. Twelve Months
6. Between 1-2 Years
7. Two Years Old
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
MATURATION AND GROWTH
A. Birth to Two Years
B. Two to Six Years
1. Slimmer
2. Proportions
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
MATURATION AND GROWTH
A. Birth to Two Years
B. Two to Six Years
C. Seven to 11 Years
1. Slimmer
2. Muscles
3. Lungs
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
MATURATION AND GROWTH
A. Birth to Two Years
B. Two to Six Years
C. Seven to 11 Years
D. Puberty
1. Growth & Weight Gain
2. Gonads/Sex Glands
3. Secondary Sex
Characteristics
4. Body Composition
5. Circulation and Respiration
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
A. Birth to Two Years
1. Newborn
2. Five Months
3. Nine Months
4. Twelve Months
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
A. Birth to Two Years
B. Sources of Variation
1. Environmental Influences
2. Inherited Factors
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
A. Birth to Two Years
B. Sources of Variation
C. Two to Six Years
1. Speed
2. Coordination
3. Gross Motor Development
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
A. Birth to Two Years
B. Sources of Variation
C. Two to Six Years
1. Speed
2. Coordination
3. Gross Motor Development
4. Fine Motor Development
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Fine Motor Skills
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
A. Birth to Two Years
B. Sources of Variation
C. Two to Six Years
D. Seven to Eleven Years
1. Motor Skills
2. Reaction Time
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN:
Neural Development and Plasticity
Brain Growth Spurt– Period
between the seventh prenatal
month and 2 years of age when
more than half of the child’s
eventual brain weight is added.
Brain
Growth
Spurt
Begins
Here
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN:
Neural Development and Plasticity
Some Basic Definitions:
Synapse – the connective space
(juncture) between one nerve cell
(neuron) and another.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN:
Neural Development and Plasticity
Some Basic Definitions:
Synapse – the connective space
(juncture) between one nerve cell
(neuron) and another.
Neurons – nerve cells that receive
and transmit neural impulses
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN:
Neural Development and Plasticity
Some Basic Definitions:
Synapse – the connective space
(juncture) between one nerve cell
(neuron) and another.
Neurons – nerve cells that receive
and transmit neural impulses
Glia – nerve cells that nourish
neurons and encase them in
insulating sheaths of myelin.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN:
Neural Development and Plasticity
Some Basic Definitions Cont’d:
Synaptogenesis – formation of
connections (synapses) among
neurons.
Plasticity – capacity for change; a
developmental state that has the
potential to be shaped by
experience.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN:
Neural Development and Plasticity
Some Basic Definitions Cont’d:
Synaptic pruning – surviving
neurons that are stimulated less
often lose their synapses.
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
About Brain Development
1. Brain Stem and Midbrain–
most mature at birth
- consciousness
- reflexes
- respiration
- digestion
- elimination
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
About Brain Development
2. Surrounding Midbrain are the
Cerebrum & Cerebral Cortex
- movement
- perception
- learning
- language
- thinking
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Earliest
Maturing areas
of the
cerebrum are
the Primary
Motor &
Sensory Areas
Darker, dot-like areas mature first, then the
lined areas, and finally the clear areas
develop in adolescence
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Neural Development & Plasticity
Lateralization
• Evident from birth
• Increases with age
•Get better with age at integrating
functions of each hemisphere
• Dyslexia
ENVIROMENTAL INFLUENCES
Nutrition
Problems of Under nutrition:
• Catch-up growth
• Marasmus (insufficient protein &
calories)
• Kwashiorkor (insufficient protein,
but sufficient calories)
• Vitamin & mineral deficiencies
• Iron deficiency anemia
ENVIROMENTAL INFLUENCES
Nutrition
Problems of OVER nutrition:
• Obesity
• Diabetes, high blood pressure,
heart, liver & kidney disease
• Social impact
ENVIROMENTAL INFLUENCES
Nutrition
Illnesses
Emotional Stress/Lack of Affection
•
Nonorganic failure to thrive
•
Deprivation dwarfism
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Puberty
Adolescent Growth Spurt: the
rapid increase in physical growth
that marks the beginning of
adolescence.
Puberty: the point at which a
person reaches sexual maturity
and is physically capable of
fathering or conceiving a child.
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Puberty: the point at which a
person reaches sexual maturity
and is physically capable of
fathering or conceiving a child.
Also refers to the physical
changes that occur as child
passes from child to adult.
CHANGES IN PUBERTY
1. Rapid growth/Weight Gain
2. Further development of
gonads
3. Secondary sexual
characteristics
4. Changes in muscle/fat
compositions
5. Changes in circulatory &
respiratory systems
WHAT CAUSES PUBERTY?
• All of these changes triggered
by hormones
• No new hormones produced
at puberty
• Increase of hormones
Testosterone
Estrogen
Growth Hormone
Hormonal Influences on Development
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid
Adrenal
Glands
Thyroxine
Androgen
Early brain
growth
Muscular
growth
Bone
growth
Bone
growth
Growth
Hormone
General
growth of
body
tissues
Adolescent
growth
spurt
Testes
Ovaries
Testosterone
Estrogen
Male reprod.
organs
before birth
Maturation of
male organs
Voice,facial &
body hair,
muscle dev.,
bone growth,
broad
shoulders
Female
reprod.
Organs
Breasts,
hips
Body
hair
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Puberty
Girls
Boys
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
SEXUAL MATURATION
GIRLS:
• Begins about age 11 (breasts)
• Menstruation about age 13
• Fertility (at or after menstruation)
SEXUAL MATURATION
BOYS:
• Begins about age 11 or 12 (testes
enlarge)
• Fertility about age 14.5 or 15
VARIATIONS IN TIMING OF
PUBERTY (BOYS & GIRLS)
• Heredity (identical twins similar
timing)
• Environment
SEXUAL MATURATION
Psychosocial Influences of Puberty
• Boys that mature earlier
• Girls that mature “on-time”
SEXUAL MATURATION
Teenage Pregnancy
• U.S. rates = +1 million/year
• 50% miscarriage or abortion
• 2 million babies next 4 years
• 2X higher in U.S.
SEXUAL MATURATION
Teenage Pregnancy
CONSEQUENCES for Mom:
• Loss of education
• Loss of social network
• Lower income
• Lifestyle changes
SEXUAL MATURATION
Teenage Pregnancy
CONSEQUENCES for Baby
Higher probability of:
• Prematurity
• Drug exposure
• Poor nutrition
• Less sensitive/experienced mom
• Intellectual deficits
• Emotional disturbances
• Economically disadvantaged