Transcript Causes of World War II

WHII.12 World War II
Objectives
p. 113
WHII.12 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the worldwide impact of World War II by
a)
explaining economic and political causes, describing major events, and identifying leaders of the
war, with emphasis on Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Douglas
MacArthur, George C. Marshall, Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler, Hideki Tojo, and
Hirohito;
b)
examining the Holocaust and other examples of genocide in the twentieth century;
c)
explaining the terms of the peace, the war crimes trials, the division of Europe, plans to rebuild
Germany and Japan, and the creation of international cooperative organizations and the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).
Essential Understandings
p. 114
12a Many economic and political causes led to World War II. Major theaters of war included Africa, Europe,
Asia, and the Pacific Islands. Leadership was essential to the Allied victory.
12b There had been a climate of hatred against Jews in Europe and Russia for centuries.
12b Various instances of genocide occurred throughout the twentieth century.
12c The outcomes of World War II included the war crimes trials, the division of Europe, plans to rebuild
Germany and Japan, and the establishment of international cooperative organizations.
12c The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was issued in 1948 to protect the “inherent dignity
and…the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family….”
Essential Questions
12a
12a
12a
12b
12b
12c
12c
12c
12c
What were the causes of World War II?
What were the major events of World War II?
Who were the major leaders of World War II?
Why did the Holocaust occur?
What are other examples of genocides in the twentieth century?
What were the outcomes of World War II?
What were the war crimes trials?
How did the Allies promote reconstruction of the defeated powers?
What were the international cooperative organizations created after World War II?
p. 114
Why do I need to know this?
p. 114
1. Hitler’s actions set off WWII. The results of the war still affect the politics and economics of today’s
world.
2. WWII established the role of the U.S. as a leading player in international affairs.
3. The violence against Jews during the Holocaust led to the founding of Israel after WWII.
4. The Allies’ victory in WWII set up conditions for both the Cold War and today’s post-Cold War world.
Major Leaders of the War
p. 115
Allies
1. United States
a. Franklin D. Roosevelt – US president
•Harry Truman became president when FDR died in April 1945
b. Generals
•Dwight D. Eisenhower – supreme Allied commander in Europe
•Douglas MacArthur – US general in the Pacific
•George Marshall – Army Chief of Staff during WWII
2. Britain – Winston Churchill – prime minister
3. U.S.S.R. – Joseph Stalin
p. 115
Axis
1. Germany – Adolf Hitler – dictator of Germany
a. Erwin Rommel – the “Desert Fox”
2. Italy – Benito Mussolini – dictator of Italy
3. Japan
a. Hideki Tojo – Japanese general; directed the whole Japanese war effort
b. Isoroku Yamamoto – Japanese admiral – planned attack on Pearl Harbor
c. Hirohito – emperor of Japan
p. 115
Causes of World War II
p. 115-117
Aggression by Totalitarian Powers
p. 115
1. Japan overran Manchuria in September 1931
a. invaded China in summer of 1937
2. Italy invaded Ethiopia in October 1935
3. Germany – March 1936: Hitler invaded the Rhineland
a. March 1938 – Hitler marched troops into Austria, known as the
Anschluss
Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931
Japan Expansion
Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935
Emperor Haile
Selassie
The Austrian Anschluss, 1938
The “Problem” of the
Sudetenland
Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of
the Third Reich: 1939
Nationalism
1. Hitler’s desire to unite all German-speaking people in one country
2. Mussolini’s desire to expand Italy’s influence and make it a world power
3. Japanese desire to unite all Asians under one empire and expel the European influence
p. 115
The Treaty of Versailles
p. 115
1. harsh sanctions against Germany caused resentment of the other European nations
Weakness of the League of Nations
1. Europe had looked to the US to take a lead role in the League of Nations
2. the League was unable to militarily help China and Ethiopia
p. 115
Appeasement
p. 117
1. Great Britain and France were desperate to avoid another global war
2. September 12, 1938 – Hitler demanded the Sudetenland (part of Czechoslovakia) be given to Germany
a. Britain and France let him have it in the Munich Pact
Appeasement: The Munich
Agreement, 1938
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr
Hitler is a man we can do business with.
Major Events of the War
p. 117-119
Just Before the War
p. 117
1. August 23, 1939 – Hitler and Stalin signed the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
a. Hitler and Stalin agreed not to attack one another and agreed to split up Poland
The Nazi-Soviet
Non-Aggression Pact, 1939
Foreign Ministers
von Ribbentrop & Molotov
September 1, 1939
1. Germany invaded Poland (beginning of World War II)
2. blitzkrieg – lightning war
3. Poland fell in about 2½ weeks
p. 117
Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939
Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”]
Blitzkrieg (Air)
Blitzkrieg (Land)
Fall of Poland
European Theater of Operations
April 9, 1940
1. Germany invaded and took
Norway
2. gave Germany access to the
Atlantic Ocean
p. 117
Fall of France
1.
May 10, 1940 – Germany invaded France
2.
snuck into France through the Ardennes Forest
p. 117
3. allies were caught off guard and evacuated from Dunkirk on May 26, 1940
a. 338,000 soldiers over nine days – one of the largest evacuations of all time
4.
June 14, 1940 – Germany captured Paris
5. France was divided into two sections
a. northern part was controlled by Germany
b. southern part was a puppet government sympathetic to the Nazis
•called Vichy France – headed up by Marshall Philippe Petain
•assisted in some military operations and finding Jews
Hitler in Paris
France 1940
Battle of Britain
1. battle for air control over Britain
2. August 1940 – Germany bombed airfields and aircraft factories
3. September 7 to November 3, 1940 – Germany bombed London
a. tried to damage the morale of the people – did not work
Battle
p. 117
Battle of Britain:
The “Blitz”
The London “Tube”:
Air Raid Shelters during the Blitz
The Royal Air Force (RAF)
The United States
p. 119
1.
1937 – Congress passed Neutrality Acts enforcing a “cash and carry policy”
2.
1940 – Destroyers for Bases Agreement FDR agreed to give Britain 50 destroyers
for bases in Newfoundland, Bermuda and the British West Indies
3.
1940 – Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act which authorized FDR to lend war
equipment to any country deemed vital to the national security of the US
U. S. Lend-Lease Act,
1941
Great Britain.........................$31 billion
Soviet Union..........................$11 billion
France..................................$3 billion
China..................................$1.5 billion
Other European......................$500 million
South America.......................$400 million
The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000
Neutrality Acts
Lend Lease Act
German invasion of the Soviet Union (Operation
p. 119
Barbarossa)
1. June 22, 1941 – Hitler attacked the USSR
a. Hitler claimed he needed the “living space” vital to Germany’s future
b. Ukrainian wheat and Caucasian oil
2.
caught Stalin off guard
3.
Stalin ordered a scorched-earth policy
4.
captured over half a million Soviet soldiers
5.
December 2, 1941 – the Germans were just outside Moscow
a. The Soviet Union began pushing the Germans back
Operation Barbarossa:
Hitler’s Biggest Mistake
Prisoners of War
p. 119
The Holocaust
p. 119
1. Hitler blamed the Jews for Germany’s problems
2. The Aryan Master Race – tall, blond hair, blue-eyed Nordic
3. mid-1940 – Nazis began putting Jews in ghettoes and concentration camps
4. June 1941 – Nazis began the mass murdering of Jews, especially in the USSR
a. in Kiev, 35,000 were shot in two days
5. “The Final Solution”
a. Nazi program for the elimination of the Jewish race (genocide)
b. most Jews were sent to concentration camps and executed
6. the Nazis tried to keep the executions secret
7. little was done to help the Jews
g. by the end of the war, 6 million Jews executed and another 6 million
“undesirables” executed
Ghettos
Concentration Camp
All Jews are Executed
Auschwitz
Horrors
of the Holocaust Exposed
Bramabirkenau
Auschwitz
Final Solution
Bataan Death March
1.
2.
3.
4.
Philippines were captured by the Japanese in March 1942
the Japanese forced the POWs to march over 100 miles in a week
out of 140,000 US POWs, about 50,000 died
Japanese soldiers often committed suicide rather than surrender
p. 121
Bataan Death March: April, 1942
76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans]
Marched 60 miles in the blazing heat to POW
camps in the Philippines.
Major Events of the War
p. 121-123
The “Big Three”
Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin
Axis Powers in 1942
Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor
p. 121
1. July 1941 – the US placed an embargo on Japan for its taking of China and other
southeast Asian countries
a. oil, food and seized Japanese assets in the US
2.
Japan decided the US stood in its way to expand in Asia
3. December 7, 1941 – the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor
a. “a date which will live in infamy”
b. sunk or disabled 19 American ships; destroyed 188 planes; killed 2,400 people
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
Hawaii
Pearl Harbor Map
Pearl Harbor 1
Pearl Harbor 2
USS Arizona
President Roosevelt Signs the
US Declaration of War
Pearl Harbor Memorial
2,887 Americans Dead!
Battle of Stalingrad:
Winter of 1942-1943
German Army
Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery guns
13,541 artillery guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
Turning Points
p. 121
1. July 1942 – February 1943: Battle of Stalingrad
a. Germans laid siege to Stalingrad
b. February 1943 – Russians defeated the Germans – turning point in the East
2.
July 1943 – Allies invaded Italy
3.
June 4, 1944 – Allies took Rome
4.
June 4-7 1942 – the US defeated the Japanese at the Battle of Midway – turning
point against Japan in the Pacific
5. November 1943 – the Japanese began using kamikaze pilots against the US Navy
Stalingrad
Battle of Stalingrad
Kamikaze
Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders
for D-Day [“Operation Overlord”]
6. D-Day – June 6, 1944 – turning point in western Europe
a. Operation Overlord – planned invasion of Normandy
b. 176,000 soldiers, 600 warships and 10,000 aircraft left
England
c. Opened up a second front in Europe
d. August 25, 1944 – the Allies took Paris
D-Day Invasion
Storming the Beach
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot
Major Claus von
Stauffenberg
July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot
1. Adolf Hitler
2. Field Marshall Wilhelm Keitel
3. Gen Alfred von Jodl
4. Gen Walter Warlimont
5. Franz von Sonnleithner
6. Maj Herbert Buchs
7. Stenographer Heinz Buchholz
8. Lt Gen Hermann Fegelein
9. Col Nikolaus von Below
10. Rear Adm Hans-Erich Voss
11. Otto Gunsche, Hitler's adjutant
12. Gen Walter Scherff (injured)
13. Gen Ernst John von Freyend
14. Capt Heinz Assman (injured)
The Battle of the Bulge:
Hitler’s Last Offensive
Dec. 16, 1944
to
Jan. 28, 1945
Victory Over Germany
p. 121
1.
Summer 1944 – the Soviets had forced Germany out of the USSR
2.
December 1944 – Germany tried a last ditch effort at the Battle of the Bulge
3.
April 1945 – US and Soviet troops met at the Elbe River
4. May 8, 1945 – V-E Day
a. the Germans surrendered
5. July 1945 – Potsdam Conference
a. Allies decided what to do with Germany
b. issued an unconditional surrender to Japan
•“unconditionally surrender or face prompt and utter destruction”
V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
General Keitel
Potsdam Conference
Hitler Commits Suicide
April 30, 1945
Cyanide & Pistols
The Führer’s Bunker
Mr. & Mrs. Hitler
Mussolini &
His Mistress,
Claretta
Petacci
Are Hung in
Milan, 1945
Pearl Harbor
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle:
First U. S. Raids on Tokyo, 1942
Victory Over Japan
p. 123
1. the US adopted an "island-hopping" campaign to get to Japan
2. used captured islands to launch bombers against Japanese cities
3. Nov. 1943 - Battle of Tarawa Island
a. of the 5,000 Japanese soldiers, only 17 were captured alive
4. early 1945 – Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa
a. of 110,000 Japanese defenders, only 11,000 survived
Pacific Theater of Operations
Allied Counter-Offensive:
“Island-Hopping”
Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle:
First U. S. Raids on Tokyo, 1942
Battle of Midway Island:
June 4-6, 1942
Japanese Kamikaze Planes:
The Scourge of the South Pacific
Kamikaze Pilots
Suicide Bombers
US Marines on Mt. Surbachi,
Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945]
The Manhattan Project:
Los Alamos,
NM
Major General
Lesley R. Groves
Dr. Robert
Oppenheimer
I am become
death,
the shatterer
of worlds!
Tinian Island, 1945
Little Boy
Fat Man
Enola Gay Crew
Col. Paul Tibbets & the A-Bomb
Hiroshima – August 6, 1945
©
©
©
70,000 killed
immediately.
48,000 buildings.
destroyed.
100,000s died of
radiation poisoning &
cancer later.
5. August 6, 1945 – 1st atomic bomb dropped on
Hiroshima
6. August 9, 1945 – 2nd atomic bomb dropped on
Nagasaki
7. August 14, 1945 – Japan formally surrendered
Island Hopping
Atomic Bomb
Atomic Bomb
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Hiroshima
Hiroshima
Japanese A-Bomb Survivors
Radiation from the Atomic Bomb
Outcomes of World War II
p. 123
Casualties
1.50 million people died
a. USSR – 13.7 million soldiers and 7 million civilians (20.7 million total)
b. Germany – 3.5 million soldiers and 2.8 million civilians (6.3 million total)
c. Japan - 1.3 million soldiers and 672,000 civilians (2 million total)
d. France – 210,000 soldiers and 350,000 civilians (560,000 total)
e. Britain – 264,000 soldiers and 93,000 civilians (357,000 total)
f. U.S. – 292,000 soldiers 6,000 civilians (298,000 total)
g. China – 2 million soldiers and 7.8 million civilians (9.8 million total)
h. Poland – 123,000 soldiers and 5.7 million civilians (5.8 million total)
p. 123
establishment of two major powers
1. The US and the USSR
2. Created a fierce rivalry
between the two countries
p. 123
War Crimes Trials
1.
November 1945 – September 1946 – Nuremburg Trials for Nazi leaders
2. Japanese military leaders were also tried for war crimes
Trial
p. 123
United Nations
p. 123
1. replaced the failed League of Nations
2. quickly drafted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which provided a code of conduct for the
treatment of people under the protection of their government
Division of Europe – the Iron Curtain
1.
the USSR took control of many Eastern
European countries and established
communist governments there
2. western Europe remained democratic
Postwar Germany and Japan
p. 125
Efforts for reconstruction of Germany
1. democratic government installed in West Germany and West Berlin
2. Germany and Berlin divided among the four Allied powers
3. West Germany soon became an economic power in postwar Europe
p. 125
Efforts for reconstruction of Japan
1. US occupation of Japan under MacArthur’s administration
a. kept the emperor as a figure head
b. set up a democratic government
2. helped rebuild Japanese cities and economy
a. Japan soon became an economic power in Asia
3. elimination of Japanese offensive military capabilities
4. United States’ guarantee of Japan’s security
p. 125
Times Square, NYC