Transcript chapter 27 america and the world, 1921-1945

AMERICA AND THE WORLD,
1921-1945
America: Past and Present
Chapter 27
 1920-- USA remains isolationist
 1930s--conflict brewed in Europe and Asia,
the United States’ commitment to
isolationism grew deeper
 1941 --Nazism and Japanese imperialism
forced foreign policy reversal; entrance into
WW2
 By end of World War II, US remained
highly involved in world affairs
 Assumed a leading role in maintaining
world order.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
1927
 Pact for world peace
 French foreign minister Aristide Briand
 US Sec. of State Frank Kellogg
( Coolidge)
 By August 1928, almost every nation had
renounced war as instrument of national
policy.
– Outlawed war, not aggression
– No enforcement provisions
Cooperation in Latin
America
 United States active, continuing to seek
economic advantages.
 Coolidge, Hoover, FDR substitute
cooperation for military coercion
 U.S. continues political, economic
domination of Latin America
Rivalry in Asia
 1920--Japanese
 Despite the Open
Door Policy, Japan
expands in China,
other areas of Asia
 Needs natural
resources to sustain
developing industrial
society
occupy Korea, parts
of Manchuria
 U.S. Open Door
policy blocks
Japanese
dominance of China
 Oppose Japanese
expansion
Washington Conference
1921
 No enforcement
 Nine Power Treaty
reaffirm sovereignty
of China
• uphold the Open
Door Policy
 Four Power Treaty
• US,UK, Japan,
France acknowledge
possessions in the
Pacific
provisions in any of
the pacts.
 Pledge of peace last
less than decade
Isolationism
 Depression shifts focus to domestic
affairs; isolationist policy in the 1930s
 Rise of militaristic regimes threatens
war
•
•
•
Germany
Italy
Japan
Tripartite Pact—Sept 1940
 1937, three powers allied as Axis
Powers, posed threat to Europe and
world
– Germany, Japan, Italy
– US continued isolationist policies
 Germany: Hitler rises to power 1933
 Head of Nationalist Socialist
movement-- NAZI
The Lure of Pacifism and
Neutrality
 Most Americans resolved against another
meaningless war
 1935--Senator Gerald Nye leads passage of
neutrality legislation
 U.S. trade with nations at war prohibited
– U.S. loans to nations at war prohibited
 1937--Japan invades China
 FDR permits sale of arms to China
NYE Committee
Neutrality Acts
Three Acts
 1935 banned sale of arms to nations at war;
– Warned Americans not to sail on belligerent ships
 1936 - Ban on loans
– Made prohibitions permanent and required on a 2
year trial basis
 1937 - All trade other than arms is on a cash and
carry basis
Hitler’s Rise to Power
 Denounced the Treaty of
 Capitalized on discontent and
bitterness over WWI
– blamed Jews for Germany’s
ills, asserts supremacy of
Aryan race – blonde, blue
eyes
 Totalitarian regime
 Nazi party ruled, and Furher
Versailles; reoccupied
Rhineland
 Unite all Germans into
greater Third Reich lasting
1000 years
 Italy: Benito Mussolini --
1922
 Joseph Stalin– 1938
supreme
 http://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=9CFWH4Fhkak
The Re-Militarization of the Rhineland-- 1936
In violation of the Treaty of Versailles, Hitler re-arms the Rhineland
Early attempts of the Nazification of Europe
France and Britain—already removed troops by 1930
Austria
March 1938 -seized Austria in a
bloodless coup
Reclaiming “living
space” for
Germans
Lebensraum
Czechoslovakia
September 1938 -- a
German populated
province of
Czechoslovakia;
Six months later almost
all of Czech.
FDR presses for neutrality
revision regarding cash
and carry only for arms
Poland
 September 1 1939 Hitler began WWI by invading Poland.
 England and France responded 2 days later by declaring war
but could not prevent German conquest of Poland
 German went on unrestricted – both fronts and Russians
rewarded with a generous piece of Poland.
 FDR has to reconsider neutrality position – can no longer
remain isolationist
 American well-being could not depend on Balance of Power in
Europe
 (Re-armament/rebuilding)
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-kCGGlNgLY
 (Hitler Youth)
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVUAIPMsZ60&feature=relmfu
Nazi Camps
 Not to punish crime; holding political prisoners,
 Systematic killing of the prisoners delivered there.
 Survival in camps less than hours after arrival for
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



“unfit”
“Work Camps”
“Final Solution”
Initial extermination method of shooting people in
burial pits proved logistically; psychologically
inefficient
1941--established camps specifically for mass
extermination via gas chambers.
Logistics arrived at by Wannsee Conference (1942);
Adolf Eichmann overseer
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=joY9
wI24OTM
** WARNING**
Graphic Images!!!
From Neutrality to
Undeclared War
 1939-41--FDR seeks help for England
without actually entering the war
 November, 1939--belligerents may buy
U.S. goods on "cash and carry" basis
 1940--German occupation of France
From Neutrality to
Undeclared War: Increased Aid
to England
 U.S. gives or loans war supplies; ships
transport war supplies
 Consensus --Nazi victory in Europe
would threaten western civilization
 Lend-lease Program 1941
• ended the pretense of the neutrality of the
United States
• US supplied UK, allies with war materials in
exchange for bases in Canada & Carribean
Showdown in the Pacific:
Pearl Harbor
 Japan’s demands
– free hand in China
– restoration of normal trade relations
 U.S. demands Japanese troops out of
China
 December 7, 1941--Pearl Harbor attacked
 December 8--War declared
Checking Japan in the
Pacific
 Two-pronged drive against Japan
– Douglas MacArthur leads drive through
New Guinea to the Philippines
– Chester Nimitz leads navy westward from
Pearl Harbor to the Philippines
 June, 1942--victory at Midway launches
advance into Japanese-held territories
Triumph and Tragedy in
the Pacific
 June 21, 1945--U.S.
 August 6--atom
capture Okinawa,
complete control of
Pacific
 May-August-intense air attacks
on Japan
bomb destroys
Hiroshima
 August 9--atom
bomb destroys
Nagasaki
 August 14--Japan
surrenders
Pearl Harbor
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pPNN
7mLm8E
World War II in the Pacific
Halting the German Blitz
 November 1942--U.S. invades North
Africa
 May 1943--U.S., England invade Italy
•
•
Mussolini falls from power
slow advance up the Italian peninsula
 Summer, 1943--Battle of Stalingrad
•
•
Russia defeats Germans
begins advance into eastern Europe
The Home Front
 War ends depression
 Economy geared for military output
 Automobile factories converted to tank
and airplane production
 Women moved into the workplace
 Demographic shifts
A Nation on the Move
 Wartime migration South and West
 Early marriages, increased birth rates
 Family-related social problems
– housing shortages
– more divorces
– neglected children
Japanese Internment
 120,000 Japanese moved from the
West Coast to detention camps
 1944--Supreme Court rejects appeal for
release
 1988--Congress votes indemnity of $1.2
billion for survivors
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OiPldKsM5w&fea
ture=fvw
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgmbOh9zJLY&fe
ature=fvw
Japanese American Internment Camps
Victory
 June 6, 1944--
Normandy Invasion
 April 25, 1945--U.S.,
Russian forces meet
at Torgau
 May 7, 1945-unconditional
German surrender
 http://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=QJ_K
hAiXPg0&NR=1
Japan Surrenders
 August 6, 7 1945
US drops atomic
bombs dropped on
Hiroshima and
Nagasaki
Sept 2, 1945, aboard the US battleship
Missouri
War Aims and Wartime
Diplomacy
 Russia claims eastern Europe as prize
for conquest of Germany
 U.S. seeks collective security
arrangement including the United
Nations
 Yalta, Potsdam conferences clarify
U.S., Soviet differences
 April 12, 1945--FDR dies
FDR Remembered
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=411M
rvRC2-0&feature=fvw