Transcript Holocaust Powerpoint

THE
HOLOCAUST
My Notes
My Comments
WHAT IS IT?
• "Holocaust" is a word of Greek origin
meaning "sacrifice by fire.”
• The Holocaust was the systematic,
bureaucratic, state-sponsored
persecution and murder of
approximately six million Jews by the
Nazi regime and its collaborators.
Swastika: A Symbol of Good or Evil?
• The swastika is an ancient Indian symbol
(Sanskrit) that is over 3,000 years old
meaning well being, life and good luck,
prosperity
• The swastika is sacred religious symbol for
Hindus, Jains and Buddhists
• It’s a common symbol in ancient
civilizations (Mesopotamia, India, China,
Central and South America (Maya)
•In 1920, Adolf Hitler decided that the Nazi
Party needed its own insignia and flag and
chose the swastika to represent the
mission of the struggle for the victory of
the Aryan man
•Because of the Nazis' flag, the swastika
soon became a symbol of hate, antiSemitism, violence, death, and murder.
In 1933, when Adolf Hitler was named
Chancellor in the German government, there
were over nine million Jews who lived in
Europe. The Nazis, who came to power in
Germany in January 1933, believed that
Germans were "racially superior" and that the
Jews, deemed "inferior," were an alien threat to
the German racial community.
By 1945, the Germans and their collaborators
killed nearly two out of every three European
Jews as part of the Nazi policy to murder the
Jews of Europe.
European Jewish Population in 1933
was 9,508,340
Estimated Jewish Survivors of
Holocaust: 3,546,211
Although Jews, whom the Nazis
deemed a priority danger to Germany,
were the primary victims of Nazi racism,
other victims included some 200,000
Roma (Gypsies). At least 200,000
mentally or physically disabled patients,
mainly Germans, living in institutional
settings, were murdered.
• Approximately one-and-a-half million children
were murdered by the Nazis and their
collaborators between 1933 and 1945. The
overwhelming majority of them were Jewish.
• Thousands of Roma (Gypsy) children, disabled
children, and Polish children were also among
the victims.
Two German Jewish families at a gathering
before the war. Only two people in this group
survived the Holocaust. Germany, 1928.
The Stages of the Holocaust
The Holocaust was a progression of actions leading
to the annihilation of millions by:
• 1: Stripping of Rights
• 2: Segregation
• 3: Concentration
• 4: Extermination
Stage 1: Stripping of Rights
The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 were anti-Semitic laws in Nazi
Germany introduced at the annual Nuremberg Rally for the Nazi
Party. The Nazis announced these new laws which institutionalized
many of the racial theories common in Nazi beliefs. The laws
excluded German Jews from citizenship, deprived them of most
political rights, and prohibited them from marrying persons of
"German or related blood,” etc.
The Nuremberg Laws, as they became known, did not define a
"Jew" as someone with particular religious beliefs. Instead, anyone
who had three or four Jewish grandparents was defined as a Jew,
regardless of whether that individual identified himself or herself
as a Jew or belonged to the Jewish religious community. Many
Germans who had not practiced Judaism for years found
themselves caught in the grip of Nazi terror. Even people with
Jewish grandparents who had converted to Christianity were
defined as Jews.
1935: Nuremberg Laws stated that all JEWS
were :
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stripped of German citizenship
fired from jobs & their businesses boycotted
banned from German schools and universities
forced to carry ID cards
carry passports stamped with a “J”
forced to wear the arm band of the Yellow “Star
of David”
• forced to pay reparations and a special income
tax
• not able to attend their churches (most Jewish
synagogues were destroyed)
• not allowed to marry Aryans (marriages between
Jews and Aryans/Germans were forbidden)
• etc.
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How did Stage 1 affect the Jewish
children/teenagers ?
This did not happen overnight. Soon after the
Nazis gained power in Germany, Jewish
children found life increasingly difficult. Due
to legislation prohibiting Jews from engaging
in various professions, their parents lost jobs
and businesses. As a result, many families
were left with little money.
• Jewish children were not allowed to
participate in sports and social activities
with their classmates and neighbors.
They could not go to museums, movies,
public playgrounds, parks, or even
swimming pools.
• Eventually, Jewish and Gypsy children
were expelled from German schools.
Stage 2: Segregation
GHETTOS
• Throughout Europe, Jewish families
were forced to give up their homes
and relocate into ghettos—restricted
areas set up by the Nazis as “Jewish
residential districts.” Jews were
forced to live in these designated
areas called “ghettos” to isolate
them from the rest of society
• Nazis established 356 ghettos in
Poland, the Soviet Union,
Czechoslovakia, Romania, and
Hungary during WWII
• Warsaw, the largest ghetto, held
500,000 people and was 3.5 square
miles in size
• Families had to decide what essentials to bring
with them as they were restricted to bringing
only what they could carry. The trains that
carried the Jews away were crowded and
unsanitary.
• Ghettos were fenced in, typically with barbed
wire or brick walls. Entry and exit were by
permit or pass only; like a prison, armed
guards stood at gates.
• There were no telephones and little mail
delivery, making communication with the
outside world nearly impossible.
• Families inside the ghettos lived under horrid
conditions. Typically, many families would be
crowded into a few rooms where there was
little if any heat, food, or privacy.
• Ghettos were filthy, with poor sanitation and
extreme overcrowding. Disease was rampant
and food was in such short supply that many
slowly starved to death. Many people in the
ghettos died from malnutrition, starvation,
exposure, and epidemics.
Nazi ghettos were a preliminary step in the annihilation of the Jews, as the
ghettos became transition areas, used as collection points for deportation to
concentration & death camps
Stage 3: Concentration
• The concentration camp is most closely associated with
the Holocaust and remains an enduring symbol of the
Nazi regime. The first camps opened soon after the
Nazis took power in January 1933; they continued as a
basic part of the Nazi rule until May 8, 1945, when the
war and the Nazi regime ended.
Concentration Camps
• Concentration camps were a major part of the
Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual mass
murder of enemies of Nazi Germany (Jews,
Communists, opponents)
• Prisoners were transported to the camps in
cattle freight cars.
• Camps were built on railroad lines for efficient
transportation.
• The prisoners were used as slave labor
“annihilation by work”
• Prisoners faced undernourishment and
starvation
Life in the Camps
• possessions were
confiscated
• heads were shaved
• arms tattooed
• Prison uniforms
• Men, women and children
were separated
• Survival based on trade
skills / physical strength
• Unsanitary, disease ridden
and lice infested barracks
• inhumane medical
experiments
• When Jews arrived in the concentration camp,
the Nazis took away all of their remaining
possessions. Their heads were shaved, they
were given identity numbers that were
sometimes tattooed on their arms, and they
were forced to wear prison uniforms.
• They were given barely enough food on which
to survive. People were constantly dying of
hunger, exhaustion, and disease. They worked
all day at hard physical labor and slept at night
in crowded barracks.
• Those who could not work--the sick, the old
and young children—were separated from
family members upon their arrival to the
concentration camp. Often, these individuals
would be immediately killed or sent to the gas
chambers in the death camps.
Nazis confiscated property of prisoners in
storerooms nicknamed “Kanada” because
the sheer amount of loot stored there was
associated with the riches of Canada
Stage 4: Extermination
• Einstazgruppen – (mobile
killing units) had begun
killing operations aimed at
entire Jewish communities in
the 1930s
• DEATH FACTORIES: Nazi
extermination camps fulfilled
the singular function of mass
murder
• Euthanasia program: Nazi
policy to eliminate “life
unworthy of life” (mentally
or physically challenged) to
promote Aryan “racial
integrity”
• Wannsee
Conference
(Berlin -1942 )
established the
“complete solution
of the Jewish
question”
• called for the
complete and mass
annihilation and
extermination of the
Jews as well as other
groups
• Zyklon B gas became
the agent in the
mass extermination
“FINAL SOLUTION”
Gas Chambers & Crematoriums
• Prisoners were sent to gas
chambers disguised as showers
• Zyklon B gas used to gas people in 3
– 15 minutes
• Up to 8000 people were gassed per
day at Auschwitz-Birkenau, the
largest death camp with 4 operating
gas chambers
• Gold fillings from victims teeth
were melted down to make gold
bars
• Prisoners moved dead bodies to
massive crematoriums
Nearing the End of the War
• By 1945, the Nazis began
to destroy crematoriums
and camps as Allied troops
closed in
• Death Marches
(Todesmarsche): Between
1944-1945, Nazis ordered
marches over long
distances. Approximately
250 000 – 375 000
prisoners perished in
Death Marches
• On January 27, 1945, the
Soviet army entered
Auschwitz (largest camp)
and liberated more than
7,000 remaining prisoners,
who were mostly ill and
dying.
Nazi Propaganda
persuading the people
Nazi Anti-Semitic Propaganda
Hitler and the Nazis used propaganda to persuade Germans
to agree with their viewpoints. They made persuasive
posters and films, led protest marches/parades, and gave
speeches to convince the people to support Hitler, the Nazis,
(including the Hitler Youth), and to be against the Jews.
Der ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew) is the most famous Nazi
propaganda film. It was produced by Joseph Goebbels and
depicts the Jews of Poland as corrupt, filthy, lazy, ugly, and
perverse – it portrays them as an alien/foreign people which
have taken over the world through their greedy control of
banking and commerce.
Protest March
The next two slides show posters the Nazis made to advertise
the movie Der ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew). Take note of
stereotypes the Nazis use to portray the Jews. How would you
describe the way the images depict the Jews?
Nazi Anti-Semitic Propaganda
Hitler and the Nazis used propaganda to persuade Germans to
agree with their viewpoints. They made persuasive posters and
films, led protest marches/parades, and gave speeches to convince
the people to support Hitler, the Nazis, (including the Hitler Youth),
and to be against the Jews. Der ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew) is
the most famous Nazi propaganda film. It was produced by Joseph
Goebbels and depicts the Jews of Poland as corrupt, filthy, lazy,
ugly, and perverse – it portrays them as an alien/foreign people
which have taken over the world through their greedy control of
banking and commerce.
Nazi Anti-Semitic Propaganda
Hitler and the Nazis used propaganda to persuade Germans to
agree with their viewpoints. They made persuasive posters and
films, led protest marches/parades, and gave speeches to convince
the people to support Hitler, the Nazis, (including the Hitler Youth),
and to be against the Jews. Der ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew) is
the most famous Nazi propaganda film. It was produced by Joseph
Goebbels and depicts the Jews of Poland as corrupt, filthy, lazy,
ugly, and perverse – it portrays them as an alien/foreign people
which have taken over the world through their greedy control of
banking and commerce.
World War 2 was fought between two groups of countries. On
one side were the Axis Powers, including Germany, Italy and
Japan. On the other side were the Allies. They included
Britain, France, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, India, the
Soviet Union, China and the United States of America.
Nazi Anti-Semitic Propaganda
Nazi Anti-Semitic Propaganda
Nazi Propaganda Supporting Hitler and the Nazis
Yes, Father/Leader,
We will follow you!
Long Live Germany
Give me 4 years
time.
The Hitler Youth Movement
• The Hitler Youth, known in German as Hitler-Jugend
(HJ), was founded in 1926, though its roots stretch
back a few years.
• The Hitler Youth was a logical extension of Hitler’s
belief that the future of Nazi Germany was its children.
The Hitler Youth was seen as being as important to a
child as school was. In the early years of the Nazi
government, Hitler made it clear as to what he
expected German children to be like: "The weak must
be chiseled away. I want young men and women who can
suffer pain. A young German must be as swift as a
greyhound, as tough as leather, and as hard as Krupp's
steel.“
CONT: The Hitler Youth Movement
• Groups for youngsters were part of German culture
and the Hitler Youth had been created in the 1920's.
By 1933 its membership stood at 100,000. After Hitler
came to power, all other youth groups were abolished
and as a result the Hitler Youth grew quickly. In 1936,
the figure stood at 4 million members. In 1936, it
became mandatory to join the Hitler Youth.
• The Hitler Youth catered for 10 to 18 year olds. There
were separate organizations for boys and girls. The
task of the boys section was to prepare the boys for
military service. For girls, the organization prepared
them for motherhood.
CONT: The Hitler Youth Movement
• Boys at 10, joined the Deutsches Jungvolk (German Young
People) until the age of 13 when they transferred to the
Hitler Jugend (Hitler Youth) until the age of 18. In 1936, the
writer J R Tunus wrote about the activities of the Hitler
Jugend. He stated that part of their "military athletics"
(Wehrsport) included marching, bayonet drill, grenade
throwing, trench digging, map reading, gas defence, use of
dugouts, how to get under barbed wire and pistol
shooting.
• Girls, at the age of 10, joined the Jungmadelbund (League
of Young Girls) and at the age of 14 transferred to the Bund
Deutscher Madel (League of German Girls). Girls had to be
able to run 60 metres in 14 seconds, throw a ball 12
metres, complete a 2 hour march, swim 100 metres and
know how to make a bed.
CONT: The Hitler Youth Movement
• To the outside world, the Hitler Youth seemed to
personify German discipline. In fact, this image was far
from accurate. School teachers complained that boys
and girls were so tired from attending evening
meetings of the Hitler Youth, that they could barely
stay awake the next day at school. Also by 1938,
attendance at Hitler Youth meetings was so poor barely 25% - that the authorities decided to tighten up
attendance with the 1939 law making attendance
compulsory.
Nazi Propaganda Supporting Hitler and the Nazis
The German student
is fighting for father
and country.
Nazi Propaganda Supporting Hitler and the Nazis
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