Transcript 20th_century_American_history

Presidents
US wars
Main events
At home
Hoovervilles
Wilson, Woodrow
1913-21
1917-1918
WWI
Harding, Warren
1921-23
Coolidge, Calvin
1923-29
Hoover, Herbert
1929-33
The Roaring Twenties
Period of prosperity and
optimism.
Also a period of intolerance
And isolation.
1929
Wall Street Crash
GREAT DEPRESSION
Call me
Jesus!
Roosevelt. Franklin D.
1933-45
WWII
1941-45
Truman, Harry
1945-53
Eisenhower, Dwight
1953-61
The COLD WAR
1947-1991
December 7, 1941
Pearl Harbor
Rosa Parks, 1955
A-Bomb, 1945
Hiroshima
Nagasaki
Civil Rights Movement
Franklin D. Roosevelt
By Kristian Lybekbråten
First Term (1933-1937)
- Was the Governor of New York
- Ran for Presidential election in 1932
- Election was carried out ”under the shadow” of the Great
Depression
- Won the election in 1933 by 57%
- When he was elected more than a quarter of the US workforce
was unemployed
- Began several important reforms to restore the economy. His
most important reform: ”the new Deal”.
- At the end of this term the economy was rapidly improving.
Roosevelt brought the country back on tracks after the
”Great Depression”.
The ”New Deal”
To restaure the economy, Roosevelt promised a ”New
Deal”.
Many of the new laws set up government organizations
called ”agencies”. ”Alphabet agencies”
1935, the Social Security Act.
The Second Term (1937-1941)
-
Reelected in 1937 with 61%
-
Period was marked by the rise of Adolf Hitler and the
fear of a new World War
-
Started several programs to prepare the US for War
-
When War broke out in 1939 the US maintained its
neutrality, but began increasing its armed forces
WWII in Europe started in 1939
The Axis
Bulgaria
Finland
Germany
Hungary
Italy
Japan
Romania
Yugoslavia
The Allies
Argentina
Australia
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
China
Chile
Columbia
Costa Rica
Cuba
France
India
Iraq
Lebanon
Mexico
New Zealand
Paraguay
South Africa
Soviet Union
United Kingdom
United States
The Third term (1941-1945)
- This term was dominated by the 2nd World War
- December 7, 1941 Japan attacked Pearl Harbor,
which caused the USA to enter the war on the allied
side
- Changed a big portion of the impressive US industry
into War-Time productions
December 7, 1941 Japan attacked
Pearl Harbor which caused the USA
to enter the war on the allied side
US ships
• December 7th , Japanese bomb Pearl
Harbor
• December 8th , United States and
Britain declare war on Japan
• December 11th , Germany declares war
on the United States
“A date which will live in infamy.”
D-DAY
JUNE 6, 1944
I WANT TO
GO HOME
Stalin
Died in 1953
Roosevelt
1933-1945
February 1945
Yalta conference
Churchill
1940-45
1951-55
The so-called ”big Three” agreed to work
toward the defeat of Nazi Germany.
They also
began to map out the future of post-war
Europe.
1. All the countries in Europe that were liberated
by the Red Army would be able to have
democratic elections
2. The United nations (UN) was founded in order
to prevent future wars
3. Once Germany was defeated, The Soviet would
attack Japan
4. Germany (and Berlin) would be divided into
four zones. Each zone would be under the
control of the US, the UK, France and the
Soviet Union.
Roosevelt’s Fourth Term and Death
1945
- The only president to have been elected four times
- Health had been declining since 1940
- Died 12th April 1945, three weeks before the war
ended.
- Death was met with shock and Grief in the US and
among all the allies
Roosevelt. Franklin D.
1933-45
Truman, Harry
1945-53
Eisenhower, Dwight
1953-61
The COLD WAR
1945-1991
WWII
1941-45
Vietnam War 1953-1975
December 7, 1941
Pearl Harbor
Marshall Plan
Rosa Parks, 1955
A-Bomb, 1945
Hiroshima
Nagasaki
Civil Rights Movement
Truman
1945-1953
Stalin
Died in 1953
Churchill
1940-45
1951-55
Potsdam conference
July 17, 1945
- Truman could not trust Stalin. The soviet
had violated the Yalta treaty (by spreading
communism)
- Stalin could not trust Truman. The USA had
dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima
merely a week before the conference.
Mutual distrust!
REVENGE!!!!!!
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
August 6 and August 9, 1945.
At least 120,000 people died
instantly and many more later
because of the radiations.
About 95% of the casualties
were civilians.
Japan sent notice of its unconditional
surrender toSURRENDER
the Allies on August 15, a
week after the bombings. These bombings
were the first and only nuclear attacks in
world history, so far…
Grrrr..
.
Grrr...
In the months following their
Victory in World War II
The alliance between the
Soviet Union and the West
Quickly proves to be a little
More than a marriage of
Convenience.
Suspicions cloud relations!
- The Soviet Union had suffered tremendous
losses during WWII.
- Stalin was afraid that the western countries
would invade his country the way Nazi
Germany had done in 1941.
- He ordered his Red Army to stay in Eastern
Europe and install a communist regime in
each country.
- After a while, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria,
Hungary, Albany and Tsjekkoslovakia were
all willing to obey Stalin’s orders.
- These countries became Soviet satellites.
Stalin is a
dangerous man.
I’m sure he wants
to spread
communism all
over the world.
”an iron curtain
has descended
across the
Continent.”
The Cold war
has begun!
New power struggles spring up
following World War II, as
communist and capitalist factions
“fight” for control.
A “Cold War” begins!
• It was called the
”cold war” because
it did not involve
direct armed conflict
between the states.
• Both the US and the
Soviet Union were
nuclear- armed
superpowers,and
instead of fighting
each other directly,
they both
threatened each
other with nuclear
weapons.
Balance of terror
CIA
Long range missiles
Arm race
Spies
SS-18
Information
Both sides
Used the media
KGB
COLD WAR
Landing on the moon
Space race
Sputnik
PROXY WARS
Wars fought on
other territories
Strong words
And
accusations
Carter/Reagan
Bresjnev
To strengthen themselves against
possible Communist aggression, 12
nations formed the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949.
The Soviet Union and its satellites
formed a similar organization, known
as the Warsaw Pact, in 1955.
The TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947
• Truman convinced the Congress that
the USA had to prevent other Countries
from falling under the hands of the
communists.
• The USA would send money and arms.
Sometimes they would even send
soldiers.
The Marshall plan 1947
Truman gave the western European
States financial help to stop the
”Soviet- communist take- over”
The Americans’ extreme fear
of communism
Senator Joseph McCarthy accused anyone
of having communist symphaties, and
ruined the lives and careers of hundreds
of innocent people.
Stalin died in 1953
He was replaced by Khrushchev
CIA
Long range missiles
Arm race
Spies
SS-18
Information
Both sides
Used the media
KGB
COLD WAR
Landing on the moon
Space race
Sputnik
PROXY WARS
Wars fought on
other territories
Strong words
And
accusations
Carter/Reagan
Bresjnev
Proxy Wars
• Were common in the Cold War. Two powers
fighting each other directly in another
country.
• Proxies were used in conflicts in
Afghanistan, Angolia, Korea, Vietnam and
many other states.
VIETNAM 1954-1975
Roosevelt. Franklin D.
1933-45
Truman, Harry
1945-53
The COLD WAR
1947-1991
WWII
1941-45
December 7, 1941
Pearl Harbor
Eisenhower, Dwight
1953-61
Vietnam War 1954-1975
Marshall Plan
Rosa Parks, 1955
A-Bomb, 1945
Hiroshima
Nagasaki
Civil Rights Movement
Korean War
1950-1953
Background
-
Vietnam had been a French colony since 1883.
-
In 1954 the French were driven out by a communist leader
named Ho Chi Minh.
-
Vietnam was divided into two: the communists who ruled the
North and the non-communists who ruled the South.
-
The Communist Ho Chi Minh wanted to unite Vietnam by war.
-
Communist North Vietnamese: the Vietcong
- The ”domino theory”
The Ho Chi Minh trail
- Went through Laos and Cambodia.
Small paths led into Vietnam: important
track for the Vietcong.
- Transported weapons, troops and
supplies into South Vietnam.
- Some South Vietnamese hid the
vietcong.
SOUTH VIETNAM + USA
Against
NORTH VIETNAM (= vietcong + communists)
The jungle war
• A war of ambushes and sudden attacks.
• ”the people are the water, our armies are
the fish” Vietcong leader
• ”like trying to identify tears in a bucket of
water” American soldier
The American soldiers
sprayed the forests
with chemicals, and
burned villages
- The withdrawal of American soldiers from
Vietnam was possible in 1973 thanks to
President Nixon and his adviser on Foreign
Affairs Henry Kissinger .
- In 1975 the whole of Vietnam had become
COMMUNIST.
- A failure for the Americans!!!!
American troops in Vietnam
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1960
1962
1965
1965
1967
1969
1970
1971
1973
(june)
(december)
900
11 000
50 000
180 000
389 000
540 000
335 000
160 000
160
The losses
North-Vietnam
1 100 000 killed soldiers
600 000 wounded soldiers
2 000 000 killed civils
South-Vietnam
223 748 killed soldiers
1 169 763 wounded soldiers
415 000 killed civils
USA
58 219 killed soldiers
304 704 wounded soldiers
766 imprissoned soldiers
Totally 1 381 967 soldiers died during
this war
CIA
Long range missiles
Arm race
Spies
SS-18
Information
Both sides
Used the media
KGB
COLD WAR
Landing on the moon
Space race
Sputnik
PROXY WARS
Wars fought on
other territories
Strong words
And
accusations
Carter/Reagan
Bresjnev
The new Soviet bomb was developed quickly,
thanks to the acquisition of U.S. atomic
secrets by Soviet agents.
The bomb also signals the start of the nuclear
arms race between the Cold War rivals.
CIA
Long range missiles
Arm race
Spies
SS-18
Information
Both sides
Used the media
KGB
COLD WAR
Landing on the moon
Space race
Sputnik
PROXY WARS
Wars fought on
other territories
Strong words
And
accusations
Carter/Reagan
Bresjnev
The Soviet atomic bomb gives birth to a new
arms race, which turns into a space
race.
But any promising technological advances
are overshadowed by the threat of longrange nuclear destruction.
SPUTNIK
1957
October 4, the
Russians
surprised the
world by
launching
Sputnik -- the
world's first
satellite.
Eisenhower was concerned about how big the
"missile gap" was between the United States
and Soviet Union.
U.S. reconnaissance planes, designated U-2s,
secretly flew over the Soviet Union, looking for
evidence of missiles.
On one such mission, a U-2 was shot down by
the Soviet military.
THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
October 1962
The emergence of a communist
government in Cuba heightens Cold
War tensions, and for several terrifying
days brings the world to the brink of
nuclear war.
Throughout the 1940s and '50s, industries
were almost entirely owned by U.S.
corporations.
”Revolucion”
After years of guerrilla fighting Fidel Castro
becomes dictator January 1959.
More than 500 people were tried and executed
in Cuba, after appearing before the
revolutionary judges.
Thousands fled to exile in the United States.
But to most Cubans, Castro was a hero.
Bay of pigs
A plan to overthrow Castro was presented to
the new U.S. president, John F. Kennedy,
soon after his inauguration in 1961.
It was a failure!
The United States plotted new plans to get rid
of Castro.
Meanwhile, Cuba looked to Moscow for
military support.
Nikita Khrushchev offered to deploy
Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. After initial
resistance, Castro accepted.
By July 1962, the CIA had noticed an increase in
Soviet ships heading for Cuba. By mid-October,
U-2 spy planes flying over Cuba brought back
pictures of ballistic missile sites.
On October 22, President Kennedy told the
world about the discovery of Soviet missiles
in Cuba and announced that a blockade was
in force against all ships bound for Cuba.
Kennedy demanded the removal of the
missiles from Cuba.
For several days the world held its breath as
the United States and Soviet Union appeared
to be moving toward nuclear war.
Washington took its case to the United
Nations and prepared for air strikes and a
massive invasion of Cuba.
In the United States, a wave of panic buying
swept across the country as people tried to
prepare for a possible nuclear holocaust. And
though Soviet leaders tried to keep the crisis
from their people, the news was leaking out,
raising fears.
On October 26, with tensions increasing,
Kennedy received an offer from Khrushchev.
The Soviet leader offered to withdraw his
missiles from Cuba -- if the United States
promised never to invade the island. The
next morning, Khrushchev added another
condition: the United States was to remove
all its missiles from Turkey.
On Sunday October 28, Khrushchev announced the
withdrawal of the Soviet missiles from Cuba.
Under close American surveillance, Soviet ships
took the missiles back home.
The crisis was over, but both sides were well aware
how close they had come to nuclear annihilation.
- Treaty (Aug 63) against testing nuclear
weapons in the atmosphere or under
water.
- Hotline between Washington and Moscow
- Détente had started!
MLK shot, 1968
Watergate scandal,1974
JFK shot, 1963
Kennedy, John F.
1961-63
Johnson, Lyndon
1963-69
Nixon, Richard
1969-74
VIETNAM WAR, 1953-75
The Cold War 1945-1991
Cuban Missile Crisis
1962
1st man on the moon, 1969
Berlin Wall built 1961
Woodstock festival, 1969