Transcript 16.1 Hitler`s Lightning War

WRITE NOW: 2/5/13
1. Who were the Axis Powers? Pg. 483
2. Explain the Munich Conference. Pg.
485
3. Explain the Phony War (use the words:
Britain, France, Germany, Maginot
Line, sitzkrieg, and Hitler in your
explanation). Pg 492 Agenda:
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Student Presentations
Objectives
• What events that led to the war?
• How did France fall to the Germans?
• Explain the conflicts in the Mediterranean
and the Eastern Front
• Describe U.S. aid to the Allies
15.4 Aggressors Invade Nations Quiz
1. Which Northern Chinese province did
Japan invade in 1931?
2. Which country did Italy invade in 1935?
3. List the 3 Axis powers.
4. What was another name for the German
Empire in the 1930s?
5. Why was the Munich Conference seen as
a failure?
16.1 Hitler’s Lightning War
Winston Churchill
• British Prime Minister
• Declared his nation would
never give in (after Fall of
France)
• “We shall fight on the
beaches, we shall fight on
the grounds, we shall fight
in the fields and the
streets…we shall never
surrender.”
Charles de Gaulle
• When France falls to Germany, French General who sets up
a government-in-exile in London
• Goal = reconquer France
• Uses radio broadcast to call on the French to join him in
resisting Germans
It is the burden duty of
all Frenchmen who still
bear arms to continue
the struggle. For them to
lay down their arms, to
evacuate any position of
military importance, or
agree to hand over any
part of French territory,
however small, to
enemy control would be
a crime against our
country.
•
Atlantic Charter
Although US had not entered WWII yet…
– Roosevelt and Churchill met secretly and issue joint
declaration = “Atlantic Charter”
• upheld free trade among nations
• Right of people to choose own govt
– Charter later serves as Allies’ peace plan after WWII
AUGUST 14, 1941
The President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister, Mr. Churchill, representing His
Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, being met together, deem it right to make known certain
common principles in the national policies of their respective countries on which they base their hopes
for a better future for the world.
First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other;
Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of
the peoples concerned;
Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live;
and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly
deprived of them;
Fourth, they will endeavor, with due respect for their existing obligations, to further the enjoyment by all
States, great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal terms, to the trade and to the raw
materials of the world which are needed for their economic prosperity;
Fifth, they desire to bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations in the economic field with
the object of securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic advancement and social security;
Sixth, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which will
afford to all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford
assurance that all the men in all lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want;
Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance;
Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must
come to the abandonment of the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea or air
armaments continue to be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of
their frontiers, they believe, pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general
security, that the disarmament of such nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other
practicable measure which will lighten for peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armaments.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Winston S. Churchill
Be ready to paraphrase each point from the Atlantic Charter.
AUGUST 14, 1941
The President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister, Mr. Churchill, representing His Majesty's Government in
the United Kingdom, being met together, deem it right to make known certain common principles in the national policies of their
respective countries on which they base their hopes for a better future for the world.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other;
Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the
peoples concerned;
Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and
they wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of
them;
Fourth, they will endeavor, with due respect for their existing obligations, to further the enjoyment by all
States, great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal terms, to the trade and to the raw materials
of the world which are needed for their economic prosperity;
Fifth, they desire to bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations in the economic field with the
object of securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic advancement and social security;
Sixth, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which will afford to
all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford assurance that
all the men in all lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want;
Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance;
Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must come to
the abandonment of the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea or air armaments
continue to be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers,
they believe, pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security, that the
disarmament of such nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other practicable measure
which will lighten for peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armaments.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Winston S. Churchill
1. What did each leader gain
from the secret agreement
(non-aggression pact)?
• Stalin did not want to join the
West after being excluded
from the Munich Pact
• Hitler promised Stalin territory
• Both secretly agreed to divide
Poland
• USSR could take over Finland
and Baltic countries of
Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia
2. What strategy did Hitler use
to conquer Poland?
• Sept. 1, 1939
• BLITZKRIEG = “lightning war”
– Fast-moving airplanes and tanks, followed by
massive infantry forces; take enemies by
SURPRISE and quickly overwhelm them
Sitzkrieg (Phony War)
3. What was Hitler’s plan for conquering France?
• May 1940 – Hitler sweeping through Netherlands, Belgium,
and Luxembourg to get to France
– Tried to keep Allies attention on those countries
• Hitler sends larger tank/troop force through the Ardennes
(heavily wooded area) and goes past Maginot Line
• Reach the Northern coast of France in 10 days
4. What happened at Dunkirk?
• German troops in different parts of France
join forces.
• Allies are outnumbered, outgunned,
attacked from the air
• Allies retreat to the beaches of Dunkirk,
and are trapped with the sea behind them
• Great Britain sends fleet of 850 ships Google Map of Dunkirk link
across the English Channel to Dunkirk
– Civilian craft join the effort (yachts,
lifeboats, motorboats, paddle
steamers, fishing boats)
– May 26 – June 4: carry 338,000
soldiers to safety!
Following Dunkirk, Paris
falls to Germany and
French leaders surrender
on June 22, 1940
5. What was the outcome of the Battle of Britain?
• Summer of 1940 – Luftwaffe (Germany’s
airforce) began bombing Great Britain
• Airfields  airfield factories  cities
(London!)
• Daylight raids  night bombings
• Britain’s RAF (Royal Air Force) fought
back
• Radar (electronic tracking system)
could tell speed, direction, number of
incoming planes
• Enigma – German code-making
machine that had been smuggled into
Great Britain (helped decode
messages)
• May 10, 1941 – Hitler calls off attack
6. What was the outcome of the fighting at Tobruk?
• By 1941, British had taken 500
miles of North America and taken
130,000 Italians prisoners. Hitler
had to help Axis friend Italy.
• Hitler sent General Erwin Rommel
(head of German tank force)to help
Italians
• British forces retreated to Tobruk,
Libya
• After fighting in Tobruk, British
drove Rommel back. Rommel
pushes back and defeats British.
• Rommel now nicknamed “Desert
Fox”
Hitler begins to plan his
attack on the USSR
7. How did Hitler’s invasion compare with Napoleon’s invasion of Russia?
• Operation Barbarossa
• June 22, 1941 – USSR unprepared for German tanks
and aircraft
– USSR = largest army, poorly trained
• Invasion lasted weeks until Germans were 500 miles
into USSR
• USSR use same scorched earth policy they used
against Napoleon
• By Sept. 8, 1941, Leningrad cut off from rest of
USSR
– Hitler starves people of Leningrad
• Bombs food warehouses
– Nearly 1 million people die
– Stalin refuses to surrender
• Hitler  Moscow, capital (Oct. 2, 1941)
– German forces advance but begin to freeze in
winter (just like Napoleon’s forces 130 years
before!)
– Hitler orders “No retreat!”
– 500,000 Germans die – no advancement
US Aids it Allies
• Most Americans do not want to join
war
• 1935-1937: Congress passes series of
Neutrality Acts
– Illegal to sell arms or lend money to
nations at war
•  Cash and Carry policy (Sept. 1939) Allies can buy arms from US if they pay
cash and use their own ships to
transport
•  Lend Lease Act (March 1941) –
President can lend or lease
arms/supplies to any country vital to US
• By summer 1941, the US Navy is
escorting British ships carrying US arms
–  Hitler ordered submarines to sink
any cargo ships
Roosevelt and Churchill sign Atlantic
Charter
Joint meeting  joint declaration of goals
Undeclared War with Hitler
• Sept. 4, 1941 – German U-boat fires on a US
destroyer in Atlantic
•  Roosevelt orders navy commanders to
shoot German submarines on sight
16.1 “ Hitler’s Lightning War” Quiz
1) Which country helped the Allies at
Dunkirk?
2) Who broke the non-aggression pact first?
3) Who encouraged the French to continue
fighting, even after they had surrendered?
4) What joint declaration of peace goals did
Roosevelt sign before the US had even
joined the war?
5) What is the term for Hitler’s strategy of a
surprise attack by tank, foot, and air?