Transcript US Foreign Policy in the 1930`s

WWII
US Foreign Policy in the 1930s
• Isolationism
• Disarmament - by way of the Washington
Conference which called for a naval
holiday.
• Kellogg-Briand Pact – Outlawed war “as
an instrument of national policy.
WWI: a Mistake?
Relations with Latin America
• Opposite than isolation.
• Roosevelt instituted his Good Neighbor
Policy in 1933 – this was a policy of
mutual respect.
– “In the field of world policy I would dedicate
this nation to the policy of the good neighbor –
the neighbor who resolutely respects the rights
of others.”
– Banana republics grew out of US business
involvement in Latin American countries.
Relations with Latin America
• In 1938, Lazaro
Cardenas became
president of Mexico – he
wanted to nationalize
the country’s oil
industry.
• U.S. oil companies were
taken over by the
Mexican government.
• Roosevelt respected
Mexico’s right to own
their resources.
New Militant Leaders emerge in the 30s
• Mussolini established a Fascists
government in Italy.
• Hitler established a Fascists government in
Germany.
• Stalin took control of Communist Russia.
• Franco established a Fascists government
in Spain.
• Militants urged the Japanese emperor to
build up the military for imperial gains.
Neutrality Acts, 1935-1939
Designed to prevent American entry into a
global conflict.
•
Neutrality Act of 1935 empowered the president, on finding a state of
war,
1. to declare an embargo on arms shipments to the belligerents
2. to announce that U.S. citizens traveling on belligerents' ships did so
at their own risk.
3. This act set no limits, however, on trade in materials useful for war,
such as copper, steel, and oil
•
Neutrality Act of 1936 added a prohibition on extending loans or
credits to belligerents.
Neutrality Act of 1937 included civil wars, empowered the president to
add strategic materials to the embargo list, and made travel by U.S.
citizens on belligerents' ships unlawful.
•
Hitler invades parts of Europe
• Rhineland
• Austria
• Czechoslovakia Sudetenland
• What was the
Allied Powers of
WWI response to
growing German
aggression?
Hitler’s Invasion of Poland
September 1, 1939
Non Aggression Pact of 1939
Pact between Stalin and Hitler
to not attack each other in the
case of war. They secretly
agreed to divide Poland.
Tripartite Pact (1940)
The Axis Powers
The Allied Powers (1939)
Britain
France
“Fall of France”
Battle of Britain
1940
“Cash and Carry” Neutrality Act
of 1939
1. Belligerents (Allies) were permitted to
buy American arms and strategic
materials,
2. But they had to pay cash and to
transport the goods in their own ships.
3.The president was empowered to
designate a "combat zone" in time of
war, through which American citizens
and ships were forbidden to travel.
First Ever Peace Time Draft
Destroyers for Bases Deal ,1940
50 WWI U.S. Destroyers for 8 British
Naval Air Stations in the Western
Hemisphere
FDR Press 1940 Conference
“No American boys will be sent into any
foreign wars.”
“I hate war. Eleanor hates war. We all
hate war.”
"An Act to Promote the Defense
of the United States“
• “Lend –Lease”-1941
• “Arsenal of Democracy”
• “ The Allies need planes,
tanks and guns. And we will
Give them planes, tanks and
guns.” –FDR
• “All Aid Short of War”
• August 9,1941
• USS Augusta
• Placentia Bay,
Newfoundland
“Shoot on Sight” Orders by FDR
In book and in your notes –
Journal Entry
• Before the US fought in WWII, we
escalated our involvement with the Allies.
• Create a timeline of the events that make
up that escalation.
America First Committee
Senators Gerald Nye (ND),
William Borah (ID)
Burton K. Wheeler (MT)
Charles Lindbergh, 0ctober, 1939
I believe that we should adopt as our program of
American neutrality - as our contribution to western
civilization -- the following policy:
1. An embargo on offensive weapons and munitions.
2. The unrestricted sale of purely defensive
armaments.
3. The prohibition of American shipping from the
belligerent countries of Europe and their danger
zones.
4. The refusal of credit to belligerent nations or their
agents.
Invasion of the Soviet Union
• Hitler invaded
the Soviet
Union in June of
1941
• Soviets adopted
the scorchedearth policy and
fell back to buy
time.
Barbarossa
September, 1941
October, 1941
Angooki B-gata (暗号機B型)
("Type B Cipher Machine"),
“MAGIC” Machine
“Ultra” decrypted
“Purple”
Ambassadors Kichisaburo Nomura
and Saburo Kurusu
U.S Secretary of
State Cordell Hull
December 7, 1941
Where are the aircraft carriers?
USS Arizona
The END of Isolationism
European and Pacific Theatres of WWII
Strengths and Weaknesses
• What were the strengths and weaknesses
of the United States when we entered
WWII?
Government Expansion
• War Production Board – directed the
conversion of existing factories to wartime
production and supervised the building of
new plants.
• Office of War Mobilization – coordinated
all government agencies in the war effort.
• Rationing – U.S. citizens were allotted a
certain amount of some goods during war
time
War in the Pacific – Philippines
• General of the Pacific theatre
was Douglas MacArthur
– Our planes were destroyed
at Clark Air Force Base,
The Japanese then moved
to Manila, Philippines, US
troops fled to Bataan
Peninsula where they were
captured by the Japanese
and became POWs
War in the Pacific - Coral Sea
• The Japanese
were geared to
attack Australia but
were intercepted
by the British and
the Americans at
the Battle of Coral
Sea. The US
damaged one
aircraft carrier and
destroyed another.
War in the Pacific - Midway
• The US
destroyed 4
Japanese
aircraft carriers.
War in the Pacific - Guadalcanal
• Six month
battle in
the
Solomon
Islands –
American
Victory
The European Theatre - Africa
• German troops led by Erwin Rommel (the
Desert Fox) were about to take the Suez
Canal by the time that the US entered the
war. British general Bernard Montgomery
and US general George S. Patton pushed
the Germans and Italians westward
virtually out of North Africa. Biggest
victory came in the Battle of El Alamein.
The European Theatre - Africa
Barbarossa
The European Theatre - Russia
• The Battle of Stalingrad – after falling
back, the Russians were ready to take a
stand to protect the city of Stalingrad. In
the winter of ‘42-’43, the Russians began
to push the Germans West out of the
major cities of Russia. Turning point in the
European Theatre.
“Uncle Joe” – Our Pal
Americans on the Home front
• The Office of War Information – controlled
the flow of war news here in the US.
• Encouraged patriotism by buying war
bonds, cutting back on needed supplies,
etc.
Propaganda
The Workforce
Japanese internment camps
• This was the forced relocation of
Japanese-Americans living on the West
Coast.
• Why?
Invasion of Europe - Italy
• July 1943 – US troops
entered Sicily to then
launch an attack onto the
boot of Italy. In
September the Italian
gov. signed an armistice
with the Allies but the
Germans continued to
fight for Italy.
• January 1944 – The
Allies attacked at Anzio.
• In June 1944 Rome fell to
the Allies.
Operation Overlord
• The D-Day invasion of
France at Normandy on
June, 6, 1944. Allies
took Paris on August,
25, 1944.
• Genocide of Holocaust
Jews was
exposed as
Allied forces
began to drive
Germany out of
conquered
territory. It is
estimated that 6
million Jews
were killed by
Nazi Germany
Germany’s last offensive
• Battle of the Bulge –
counteroffensive
launched by the
Germans in September
of 1944 that created a
Bulge in the Allies
lines. The Americans
regrouped and pushed
the Germans East
further into Germany.
Yalta Conference
• Meeting between the leaders
of the Allied Powers to
discuss postwar Europe.
– Stalin agreed to declare
war on Japan after
German’s surrender.
– They agreed to divide and
occupy Germany after the
war.
– Created a new
international peace
organization.
V-E Day
• April 30, 1945 – Hitler committed suicide in
a bunker under Berlin.
• May 7, 1945 – Germany surrendered
unconditionally.
• May 8, 1945 – V-E Day
Pacific Theatre
• What is island-hopping and why did the
US engage in it?
Back to the Philippines
• Battle of Leyte Gulf –
October 1944 – the last,
largest, and most decisive
naval engagement in the
Pacific – Japan is no
longer a naval threat.
Iwo Jima and Okinawa
• The U.S. found that the
closer they got to the
mainland of the Japan,
the harder the Japanese
held on and fought. Both
the battles of Iwo Jima
and Okinawa proved to
be the bloodiest of the
Pacific theatre.
Manhattan Project
• Name for the secret project to
develop the Atomic Bomb.
– 1st tested on July 16, 1945.
– Potsdam conference – Allies
demanded surrender.
– 8:15 on August 6, 1945 the Enola
Gay dropped an atomic bomb on
Hiroshima
– August 9 – a second bomb is
dropped on Nagasaki.
End of WWII
• The Japanese
officially surrendered
on ____________,
1945, aboard the
U.S.S. __________.
• Why did the United States have a low number
of deaths, both civilian and military?
Effects
• Occupational rule of both Japan and
Germany.
• Explain the creation of the United Nations.
• Recreation of Israel.
• Tensions between the United States and
the Soviet Union led to the Cold War.
GI Bill
• Provided federal
aid to help
veterans adjust
to civilian life in
the areas of
hospitalization,
purchase of
homes and
businesses, and
especially
education.