Transcript Spring Semester Midterm Review

Spring Semester
Midterm Review
What did Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (1906) expose?
Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle
(1906) revealed the
unsanitary conditions of
slaughterhouses and led to
government regulation of
food industries
The Progressive Era led to
demands for equal rights
by African Americans
80% of lived in rural areas
in the South, most as
sharecroppers
Literacy tests and poll
taxes limited black voting
Jim Crow laws segregated
blacks in schools, hotels,
restaurants, trains, and
other public facilities
Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
declared that segregation
did not violate the
14th amendment
Quick Class Discussion:
In what ways were blacks
discriminated against?
Lynching and violence
were common
Progressive Movement
• Four goals:
– Protect Social Welfare
– Foster economic efficiency
– Moral Improvement
– Economic Reform
Initiatives allow citizens
to bypass the state
legislature by putting an
issue on a state ballot and
voting to make it a law
Recalls
allow citizens
to vote to
remove an
elected official
States began using
direct primary
elections to allow
voters to choose
party candidates
TR added
When the
Theodore
Roosevelt
Roosevelt
Corollary
became
to the
U.S.
Imperialism:
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
Monroe
president,
Doctrine,
he used
giving
“Bigthe
Stick
United
Diplomacy”:
States
“police
Developpowers”
an active
toU.S.
protect
foreign
Latin
policy
America
with a
strong
from European
navy to accomplish
imperialism
goals
Reasons for U.S. Imperialism
■ Americans were motivated by a
variety of factors to imperialize:
–In 1890, the U.S. census declared
that the frontier was closed & there
were no new lands in the “west”
for Americans to expand into
–During the Gilded Age, American
industry grew so large that new
overseas markets & new sources
of raw materials were needed
European powers had acquired colonies
& many Americans believed that the USA
had to imperialize in order to keep up
Reasons for U.S. Imperialism
■At the urging of Admiral Alfred Mahan,
the USA developed a modern navy,
allowing the U.S. to compete with other
powerful nations
■Many believed that Social Darwinism
gave Americans a duty to “civilize” the
“inferior races” of the world by
introducing medicine, technology,
Christianity, & democracy
In U.S.
1895,newspapers
Cubans declared
their independence
sensationalized
the events
U.S.
Imperialism:
CUBA
from
Spain;
To putasdown
the journalism”)
revolution,
in Cuba
(known
“yellow
Spain used brutal tactics (like starvation)
In 1898, the U.S. sent the USS Maine to
Cuba to protect American interests there;
After the ship mysteriously exploded,
Americans declared war on Spain
Muckraking Journalism
■New “muckraking” journalism
drew attention to social problems,
such as urban poverty, corruption,
& big business practices:
–Popular monthly magazines,
like McClure’s & Collier’s, used
investigative journalism & photos
–Jacob Riis’ How the Other Half
Lives (1890) was the 1st exposé
of urban poverty & slums
TR used
“BigImperialism:
Stick Diplomacy”
to build the
U.S.
PANAMA
Panama Canal by encouraging a
Panamanians to rebel from Colombia
TR decided to run for president in 1912 but the
Republican Party picked Taft as their candidate…
…so Roosevelt formed a
new political party called
the Progressive Party
(“Bull Moose Party”)
“I’m feeling as fit as a bull moose”
Republican voters
were divided between
Taft and Roosevelt…
…and Democrat
Woodrow Wilson won
the election of 1912
Republicans divided by a Bull moose
equals a Democratic victory!
The USA remained
neutral in World War I
from 1914 to 1917…
Due to German violations
of free trade, the USA
declared war in April 1917
Personal liberties were restricted during World War I
Charles Schenck, a
socialist
and
anti-war
Congress passed the
critic,
was
arrested
and
Espionage and Sedition
sued
arguing
that
the
Acts which made it illegal laws violated free speech
to interfere with the war
In Schenk v US (1919),
or saying anything disloyal
the Supreme Court
about the war effort
ruled that in wartime,
During the war, over 2,000
speech that presents
citizens were prosecuted
a “clear and present
including newspaper
danger” is not protected
editors, Socialists,
anarchists, union leaders,
and critics of the draft
Anti-German sentiment
was high across the nation
Wilson’s Fourteen Points contained 3 main themes
Points 1-5 focused
on creating new
international rules
that would eliminate
future wars
No more secret
treaties or alliances
Reduction of militaries
Freedom of the seas
and free trade
International control
over colonies to end
imperialism
Wilson’s Fourteen Points contained 3 main themes
Points 6-13 focused on
dividing weak empires
like Austria-Hungary
and Ottoman Empire
into new nations based
on self-determination
Wilson believed that
new nations should
have borders drawn with
consideration to ethnic
and national identities
He wanted new nations
to be free to choose
their own governments
Wilson’s Fourteen Points contained 3 main themes
Point 14 focused on
creating a League of
Nations to settle all
future international
problems by diplomacy
rather than by war
In 1920, the
states ratified the
19th Amendment
giving women to
right to vote
During the Red Scare, immigrants were under attack
In 1920, Nicola Sacco and
Sacco and Vanzetti
Bartolomeo Vanzetti
were Italian immigrants
were arrested and charged
and anarchists
with robbery and murder
With only circumstantial
evidence, they were
found guilty and executed
Henry Ford’s mass production techniques made
automobiles affordable for many Americans
The 1920s produced some of
America’s most important literature
The “Lost Generation” authors including T.S. Eliot,
Ernest Hemingway, and F. Scott Fitzgerald rejected
war and criticized 1920 consumerism and conformity
The 1920s saw a burst of personal prosperity
and consumer spending
Mass production led to Companies offered ways
a huge number of new for consumers to buy on
credit through monthly
products: Cars, electric
installment plans
appliances, new fashions
Advertising boomed
to convince people to
spend their money
The dominance of urban America divided society
The values of these 2 societies clashed in the 1920s
Rural society was
Urban society
characterized by religious
was characterized by
fundamentalism,
diversity, consumerism,
nativism, and tradition
freedom, entertainment
Over-production and under-consumption
By the end of the 1920s, factories
produced too many durable goods
(known as over-production)
People did not need as many
appliances and cars by the end of
the decade (under-consumption)
Too much inventory…
Not enough buyers
Problems for farmers and industry
The end of WWI led to a decline in
demand for agricultural products
and a 40% decline in crop prices
Farmers could not pay back loans
and many had their farms foreclosed
Railroads, textiles, coal were losing
money and faced competition from
cars, synthetic fabrics, natural gas
End of WWI
Increasing American debts
Many Americans used credit to live
beyond their means, generate large
debts, and had to cut back on
spending by the end of the decade
The effects of the
depression were
made worse by
the Dust Bowl
Decades of over-farming and
droughts in the Plains led to
windstorms that swept away soil
and made farming impossible
When the Great Depression began,
Republican President Herbert Hoover tried
to solve America’s economic problems
President Hoover
Hoover private charities
believed that America
to help (“volunteerism”)
could overcome the
He encouraged business
depression through
growth, wanted to keep
“rugged individualism”
taxes low, and avoided
(using hard work and
direct gov’t intervention
perseverance)
When FDR became
FDR believed the gov’t
president be promised should use deficit spending
decisive gov’t action (spending that causes debt)
to fight the depression to stimulate the economy
In his first 100 days in office,
FDR and Congress passed a
broad platform of legislation
to attack the depression
called the “New Deal”
The New Deal created long-term reforms
to address weaknesses in the American economy
and address the causes of the Great Depression
The Tennessee Valley
The TVA built
Authority (TVA) was created hydroelectric power
to bring electricity to the
plants in seven
South and create jobs
Southern states
providing issued
cheap power
One of the most important reforms
on the New Deal was the Wagner Act
The law protected
workers’ right to strike
and collectively bargain
It created a Fair Labor
Practices Commission to
regulate unfair practices
used by companies to
discourage union
membership
Due to the Wagner Act,
union membership in
the USA increased
To combat poverty
among the elderly
and disabled,
Congress created the
Social Security Act
Social Security
provided old-age
pensions for
Americans at age 65
Social Security was
also America’s first
welfare program
because it provided
payments for blind,
handicapped, and
needy children
In addition, two New Deal recovery
programs (AAA and NRA) were declared
unconstitutional by the Supreme Court
FDR feared that the
Supreme Court would
weaken the New Deal
FDR threatened to
“pack the Supreme
Court” and increase
the number of
justices from 9 to 15
People were outraged
as FDR appeared to
be overstepping his
Constitutional powers
The New Deal created long-term reforms
to address weaknesses in the American economy
and address the causes of the Great Depression
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
was created to regulate the stock market
and prevent another crash
New Deal Programs
The New Deal focused on the three “Rs”
Relief
Relief checks and job programs
to lower unemployment
Recovery
Programs to stimulate agriculture,
industry, and the economy to end
the depression
Reform
Programs to correct problems in
the economy and prevent future
depressions
African Americans
■ During WWII, African Americans
fought in the military & at home:
–The war led to factory jobs &
increased the Great Migration of
blacks in the North & west coast
–African Americans faced racial
discrimination; civil rights leader
A Philip Randolph forced FDR to
offer equal pay for black workers
by creating the Fair Employment
Practices Commission
The Japanese dominated Asia, crippled
the U.S. navy after the Pearl Harbor attack,
& seized most Western colonies in the Pacific
However, U.S. entrance into the war in 1941 helped
the Allies turn the tide and defeat the Axis by 1945
FDR & Churchill agreed that defeating Hitler was
the top priority, but American troops would be
deployed to fight Japan at the same time
By 1944, the Allies
decided to open a
Western Front by invading
Nazi-occupied France
Operation Overlord
(called D-Day) in June
1944 was the largest land
& sea attack in history
The Normandy invasion
was deadly, but the
Allied victory created
a Western Front…
America: Story of Us: D-Day
…and allowed the
At the same time, the Soviet
Allies to push towards
army pushed from the East
Germany from the West
Forced to fight a two-front war, By March 1945, the
Hitler ordered a massive
Allies were fighting in
counter-attack at the
Germany & pushing
Battle of the Bulge...but lost
towards Berlin
After the attack on
Pearl Harbor, the
USA sent troops to
the Pacific theater
The Pacific war
revealed a new kind
of fighting by using
aircraft carriers
The turning point
in the war in the
Pacific came at the
Battle of Midway
After Midway,
the Allies began
to regain islands
controlled by Japan
Despite losing control of
the Pacific & withstanding
firebomb attacks, Japan
refused to surrender
By May 1945, the war
in Europe was over &
U.S. began preparing for
a land invasion of Japan
…But, perhaps a land invasion was not necessary…
In July 1945, the
Truman learned the atomic
Big Three met at the
bomb was ready & issued the
Potsdam Conference to Potsdam Declaration to Japan:
discuss the end of WWII “surrender or face destruction”
When Japan refused to
surrender, Truman ordered
the bombing of Hiroshima
on August 6, 1945
After 3 days, Japan did
not surrender so a
2nd atomic bomb was
dropped on Nagasaki
After the second atomic
bomb, Emperor Hirohito
agreed to a surrender
Women
■ World War II led to opportunities for
women in the workforce & military:
–6 million women entered the
workforce, many did clerical work
but others did “men’s work”
–200,000 women joined special,
noncombat military units
–Led to an increase in daycare
centers & child delinquency
–After the war, women were forced
out of high-paying factory jobs
African Americans
■ During WWII, African Americans
fought in the military & at home:
–More than 1 million black soldiers
served in segregated units under
the command of white officers
–Unlike WWI, black soldiers were
allowed to fight; the “Tuskegee
airmen” in the U.S. military were
recognized for heroism & bravery
Japanese-Americans
■Due to Pearl Harbor, people feared
that Japanese-Americans were
spying or helping prepare for a
Japanese invasion of the USA
–In 1942, FDR issued Executive
Order 9066 which ordered
112,000 Japanese-Americans to
move to internment camps
–The Japanese in camps faced bad
living conditions & a lack of rights
–Faced racial stereotypes (“Japs”)
Korematsu v. United States (1944)





n120,000 Japanese living on U.S. Pacific
coast were relocated to internment camps
inland following 12/7/41. Isei and Nisei
interned.
Korematsu sued to terminate policy.
Supreme court upheld the evacuation as a
reasonable wartime emergency measure
This was despite the fact that the Court ruled
the same day that once the loyalty of any
citizen had been established, internment had
to end for that citizen (Ex parte Endo)
In 1988, Congress offered an official apology
and $20,000 to each internee still alive.
Meanwhile,
the Soviet
army
The
defeated
The Soviet victory
at Stalingrad
wasSoviets
a turning
point
stopped
German
attack
the German
army at
in Worldthe
War
II because
theatRussians
began pushing
Moscow
& Leningrad
in 1942
theEast
Battle
Stalingrad
towards
Germany
from the
by of
1943