Transcript Chapter_22_WWII

World War II
Chapter 22
• Japan’s attack on China caused US
alarm as to trade status – Open
Door Policy
• Japan declared policy obsolete
• US retaliated by loaning money to
China and asking US munitions
makers not to sell to Japan
• Sep 1940 – US stopped sale of
scrap iron to Japan – Japan
retaliated by signing alliance with
Germany and Italy
• FDR extended embargo to
machine tools
• Neither Japan nor US wanted
war – US made demands
Japan refused to meet
concerning expansion in Asia
• Japanese code broken – US
knew attack imminent
• December 7, 1941
• Surprise attack knocked US Pacific
fleet out of action
• 2,300 killed 1,100 wounded
• Admiral Kimmel and General Short
blamed
• Defeat due to confusion and poor
communication at all levels
• Though Democrats retained
majorities in both houses,
conservatives kept lid on
many of FDR’s initiatives
• Roosevelt good war leader but
poor administrator – inspired
the nation towards war effort
but administration mired in
confusion, inefficiency,
bickering
• War caused huge increase in
production effectively ending the
Depression
• The South saw a revival with
more manufacturing also
establishment of many military
camps
• California and South - Sunbelt
• By 1943 economy was being
managed by Office of War
Mobilization
• War materiel – purchased
through Cost-Plus contracts –
paid companies cost of
product plus percentage of
cost as profit
• Liberty ships
Liberty Ship – standard US cargo ship. Average construction time was 42 days
per ship. By 1943, three ships were being completed every day
• Labor shortages caused by draft
and increased manufacturing
gave unions more power
• FDR created National War
Labor Board to arbitrate
disputes between labor and
management
• Coal strike caused Congress to
give president power to take
over any war plant threatened
by a strike
• Rents, wages, food
prices were strictly
regulated
• Important food and other
items were rationed
• Despite war, average
citizen saw no drop in
standard of living
• Production of cars ceased and gas
severely rationed but all other
civilian activities went on
• Meat, sugar, shoes rationed but
average needs met
• Skirts shortened, cuffs
disappeared, as did vests to
conserve cloth
• Silk stockings no longer available
• Victory Suits
• Victory Gardens
• Scrap Drives
• Federal government spent more $
between 1941-1945 than in its
entire previous history
• National debt rose from <$49 billion
to >$260 billion
• More than 40% of expenditures met
through taxation – high taxes on
high incomes
• Annual incomes limited to $25,000
• Sales of government bonds
 E-Bonds
 Over $100 billion
• Taxes paid even by
the poorest segments
of society
• First time taxes
withheld by
employers
• Tax policies resulted
in smaller wealth gap
• Migrations to new industrial
areas
• Population of California
rose >50 %
• Marriage and birth rates
increased
• Population increased 3
million during 1930’s – in
next five years it rose 6.5
million
• Blacks treated better in military than
in WWI
• Segregation
 Still maintained in all services
 Segregation led to several small riots
and mutinies
 US Navy continued to keep blacks in
demeaning non-combat tasks
 Doris “Dorie” Miller
• FDR encouraged black
combat units
• Appointed first black
general – Benjamin O.
Davis
• Combat units included 99th
Pursuit Squadron
(Tuskegee Airmen aka
Red Tails)
• Double V Campaign – victory over
the enemy and victory over racism
• A. Philip Randolph – head of
sleeping car porters union
threatened march on Washington –
factories not hiring blacks
• FDR signed Executive Order 8802
forbidding discrimination in hiring
• Black economic situation improved
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More employed
Second Great Migration to Northern cities
Acquired more advanced skills
Concentration in ghettos increased political clout
• NAACP adopted a more militant stance
• Whites reacted to black advancements with strikes – riots erupted
killing blacks and whites
• Thousands of Mexicans came
north to take jobs
• Bracero Program – migrant
agricultural work
• Work plentiful and standards
of living rose
• Many Mexican-Americans
served in military
• Zoot Suit Riots
• Indian assimilation was encouraged
- >24,000 served in the war while
others moved to cities and worked
in factories
• Windtalkers- Navajo tribe used as
radio operators as Navajo was
unwritten language
• Pearl Harbor caused fear of
Japanese sabotage
• Executive Order 9066 Japanese to be interned in
camps throughout the West
• Korematsu v. The United
States
• 442nd Regimental Combat
Team
• Women worked in almost all fields
including high-paying industrial jobs
• Others enlisted in women military
auxiliaries such as Women’s Army
Corps (WACs)
• First WAC director – Oveta Culp
Hobby
• Men initially resistant – “women not
capable”
• Demand for labor broke all barriers
• Loneliness brought on infidelity and
divorce rates skyrocketed
Rosie the Riveter
• Allies decided to tackle Europe first
• USSR and Britain had backs to wall
• Allied planes began bombing
German cities from 1942 on
• First American assault on North
Africa
 Churchill’s motives
 Vichy French – Admiral Darlan
 Kasserine Pass
• Attack on Sicily
• Attack on Italy
 Surrender of Italy
 Stalemate at Monte
Cassino
 Invasion at Anzio
 Mussolini killed by Italian
partisans
 D-Day – 6 June 1944
 Commanded by General Omar
Bradley
 Invasion of Western Europe
• Patton’s drive east
• Operation Market-Garden
 Airborne assaults on bridges – cross
Rhine River
• Battle of the Bulge – December 1944
 Last-gasp offensive by Hitler to stop
Allied advance in West
• Bridge at Remagen
• Race to Berlin - Allies give to
Russia
• Concentration camps
• FDR – died April 1945
• Hitler – suicide May 1945
• May – VE Day
Scissors beats paper every time!
Hitler Singing
Every individual flag equals
100,000 soldiers dead
Every individual skull equals
100,000 dead civilians
Every individual Star of David
equals 100,000 dead Jews
• Japanese attack US bases in
Pacific – invade Philippines
• General MacArthur retreats to
Bataan Peninsula
• MacArthur evacuated to
Australia – US & Filipino
forces on Bataan surrender
• Bataan Death March
• The Doolittle Raid
 FDR wanted to raise US morale by
hitting back at Japanese
 US planned on launching bombers
from aircraft carrier to bomb Tokyo
 Bombers commanded by James
Doolittle
 Bombers attacked Tokyo April 18, 1942
 Pilots forced to bail out or crash land in
China
 Chinese punished for helping US pilots
• Battles of the Coral Sea and
Midway – Japan goes on defense
• General Douglas MacArthur –
commander US Army Pacific
• Admiral Chester Nimitz –
commander US Navy Pacific
• Island Hopping
 Guadalcanal
 Tarawa, Saipan, Guam
 Philippines
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Kamikazes
Battle of Leyte Gulf
Iwo Jima and Okinawa
Invasion of the Japanese
home islands?
Hell in the Pacific Parts I and II
Nimitz
MacArthur
• The Manhattan Project
 Multi-national effort under US
leadership
 Director - J. Robert
Oppenheimer
• Russian declaration of war
against Japan 8 August 1945
• VJ-Day – 15 August
The Atomic Bomb
• Little Boy
 Uranium core
 Gun method
 Dropped on Hiroshima 6 August
1945
• Fat Man
 Plutonium core
 Implosion method
 Dropped on Nagasaki 9 August
1945
Little Boy
Fat Man
SADM
MADM
• Debate
 Was the use of nuclear weapons against Japan necessary
and/or ethical?
 Did nuclear weapons force the surrender of Japan?
 Was an invasion of Japan necessary to win the war?
• US pushed image of Russia
(USSR) as a friend during war
• Russia appeared to back US
plans for post-WWII world
including UN
• Russia: seeking domination or
security?
• Yalta
 US agreed to Russian
annexation of Poland in return
for free elections
 Discussed partition of Germany
 Agreed to establishment of UN
• Potsdam
 Allies agreed on war crimes
trials
 Confirmed division of Germany
into occupied zones
 Called on surrender of Japan
• International Military Tribunal
• Nuremberg Trials
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Trials of Nazi war criminals
Crimes against humanity
Trials also conducted in Japan
Emperor Hirohito not tried
• The General Assembly
• The Security Council
(Permanent Members)
 US, Great Britain, USSR,
France, China
(Nationalist)
 Veto power