Transcript Chapter 12 America in World War II

Chapter 12:
America in World War II
War Clouds in Asia
• The talk of disarmament
and the end to war lasted
about a decade
• Japan decides to take the
Chinese province of
Manchuria
• Japan breaks the NinePower Treaty and
withdrew from the
League of Nations
• No Nation or the League
comes to the aid of China
Fascism in Europe
• 1922-1925 Italy and
Mussolini
• 1933 Germany and
Hitler
• During the Spanish
Civil War Mussolini
and Hitler helped the
Fascist Franco come
to power in Spain in
1939
The Mood in America
• All the while Americans
retreated more into
isolationism during the
early 1930s
• FDR’s administration did
favor free trade among
all nations b/c it would
advance understanding
and help peace
• By 1945 the U.S. had 29
free trade agreements
The Expanding Axis
• In 1934, Japan
withdrew from the FivePower Treaty
• In 1935, Mussolini
began to take Ethiopia
• In 1936, Hitler took the
Rhineland and the
French did nothing
• In 1937, the Japanese &
Chinese clash in Peking
(actual start of WWII)
The Expanding Axis -- Part 2
• In 1937, Germany, Italy, &
Japan join in the AntiComintern Pact making the
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo “Axis”
• In 1938, Germany takes
Austria & Sudeten territory
• In 1939, Germany takes the
rest of Czechoslovakia
• In 1939, Germany invades
Poland and World War II
begins.
Degrees of Neutrality
• Neutrality Act of 1935
• In 1936, Congress
extended the arms
embargo, forbidding
loans to nations at war
• In 1937, Congress
extend Neutrality laws
to nations involved in
Civil War.
• Cash-and-Carry
• Neutrality Act of 1939
The Storm In Europe
• Winter of 1939-1940
Sitzkrieg (sitting war)
• April 9th the Nazi’s took
Denmark and Norway
fell in a few weeks
• Nazis used lighting war
or Blitzkrieg
• France’s Maginot Line
was outflanked and
France surrender in
June 1940
America’s Growing Involvement
• 1940—The Battle of
Britain
• FDR called for a military
buildup and production
of 5,000 combat planes
a year and the U.S.
began to release stocks
of arms and planes and
munitions to Britain
• 50 destroyers to the
U.K. for bases
The Battle of Britain
FDR’s Third Term
• FDR would not have run
but for the terrible
global crises
• FDR assumed the role
of the man above the
political fray
• In the end the American
people didn’t want to
“switch horses in the
middle of the stream”
FDR
Wendell L. Willkie
The U.S. Becomes the
“Arsenal of Democracy”
• In March of 1941 The
Lend-Lease program
became law
• This signaled that the
Isolationist were losing
strength in America
• In August of 1941 FDR &
Churchill agreed to the
Atlantic Charter at a secret
meeting & 11 anti-Axis
Nations endorsed it
Germany Widened the War
• In June of 1941,
Germany invades the
Soviet Union
• By autumn of 1941, the
U.S. Navy is engaging
the German Navy in the
Atlantic
The Storm in the Pacific
U.S.—Japan Relations
• During the summer of
1941 the U.S.
attempted to restrain
Japanese expansion by
restricting oil exports &
freezing their assets in
the U.S.
• By Nov. 1941, the U.S.
insisted it would reopen
trade with Japan only if
they withdrew from
China
The Attack on Pearl Harbor
• It was one part of a larger
Japanese launched into
Southeast Asia and the
Pacific
• More than 2,400 (1,178
wounded) servicemen died
and 19 ships sank
• The attack ignored onshore
facilities and oil tanks
• They missed the our
aircraft carriers
Early On There Were
Setbacks in the Pacific
• A succession of
Japanese victories in
Guam, Wake Island the
Gilbert Islands and
Hong Kong
• The fall of the Burma
Road cut of China
• Gen. MacArthur had to
abandon Manila and by
March he left the
Philippines altogether
Coral Sea and Midway
• The Doolittle Raid,
April 18, 1942
• The Battle of Coral Sea,
May 7-8, 1942
• The Battle of Midway,
June 4, 1942
Battle of Midway
Setbacks in the Atlantic
• In early 1942, the
biggest challenge the
U.S. faced in the
Atlantic was German
submarine warfare
• Since 1940, these
German “wolf packs”
had wreaked havoc in
the North Atlantic
• In 1942, 400 ships were
lost, before America got
it under control
World War II German Submarine
The U.S. Government
Financed the War With:
• Raising Taxes
• Selling War Bonds
• Borrowing from
financial institutions
• Expanding the number
of taxpayers
Mobilization At Home
• Altogether more than 15
million men and women
would serve
• The War Production Board
(1942) oversaw the
conversion of plants
• And Scientists create or
modify new technology
• Also, peoples efforts at
conservation
Social Effects of the War
• A major problem during
the war was finding
enough workers for
wartime industries
• 6 million women
entered the workforce
• The Fair Employment
Practices Committee
• The Bracero Program
• Native Americans in the
armed forces
Ugly American Aspects of WWII
• The Zoot-Suit riots of
1943
• Executive Order 9066
and Internment of
Japanese Americans
• Korematsu v. U.S. the
Supreme Court upheld
the Japanese
Internment Camps
The Allied Drive Toward Berlin
• British and American
leaders agreed that the
priority was the War with
Germany
• British didn’t want to
cross the English Channel
in 1942 for fear of trench
warfare
• The North Africa
Campaign
• The Battle of the Atlantic
• Sicily and Italy
Gaining Ground In Europe
• The Strategic Bombing
of Europe
• D-Day (Operation
Overlord) June 6, 1944
and After
• Slowing Momentum
The Tehran Meeting
• First meeting of
Churchill, Roosevelt, &
Stalin
• Soviets pledge to enter
the war against Japan
after German War
• And the agreement to
create the United
Nations to maintain
peace after the war
Leapfrogging to Tokyo
• MacArthur in New
Guinea
• Nimitz in the Central
Pacific
• The Battle of Leyte Gulf”kamikaze” units
Battle of Leyte Gulf
The Presidential Election of 1944
• No Democrat
challenged FDR
• FDR dropped his old VP
Henry A. Wallace b/c of
his ties to labor unions
• Republicans nominated
NY governor Thomas E.
Dewey
• FDR picks up new VP
Harry S Truman and
wins 4th term
The Last German Offensive and Yalta
• At the Battle of the
Bulge the destruction of
Germany’s last reserve
units left the door to
Germany’s heartland
• At the Yalta Conference
the Big Three met in
Feb. 1945
The Axis’s Defeat in Europe
Included the Following
• Hitler’s suicide
• Italian partisans
capturing and killing
Mussolini
• The surrender of
German forces in Italy
• The signing of a treaty
in which Germany
agreed to unconditional
surrender
Following the Defeat of Germany
• Came the shocking
realization of the full
extent of the Holocaust
• 6 million Jews killed and
another 1 million others
all killed by the Nazis
The Atomic Bomb
• The use of atomic bombs
against Japan allowed the
U.S. to avoid an amphibious
invasion of Japan
• The bombing of Hiroshima
(killing 80,000) and Nagasaki
(killing 36,000) killed
thousands more by years end
• The surrender had one
condition that the emperor
not be removed
As a Result of the War
• The Depression ended
• Presidential authority in
the U.S. increased
dramatically at the
expense of
congressional and state
power
• And following the war
the two most powerful
nations were the U.S.
and the Soviet Union
• The Cold War begins