Transcript WWII Conferencesx

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The Brewing Conflicts
Diplomacy During WWII
Atlantic
Charter
–
August
1941
 Contribution & Meaning
 Acted as clarification that America
was supporting Britain in the war
(FDR & Churchill)
 The eight principal points of
the Charter were:
 no territorial gains were to be sought by
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the United States or the United Kingdom;
territorial adjustments must be in accord
with the wishes of the peoples concerned;
all people had a right to self-determination;
trade barriers were to be lowered;
there was to be global economic
cooperation and advancement of social
welfare;
the participants would work for a world
free of want and fear;
the participants would work for freedom of
the seas;
there was to be disarmament of aggressor
nations, and a post-war common
disarmament.
 1) It publicly affirmed the sense of
solidarity between the U.S. and
Great Britain against Axis
aggression.
 2) it laid out President Roosevelt’s
Wilsonian-vision for the postwar
world; one that would be
characterized by free exchanges of
trade, self-determination,
disarmament, and collective
security.
 3) the Charter ultimately did serve
as an inspiration for colonial
subjects throughout the Third
World, from Algeria to Vietnam, as
they fought for independence.
Casablanca Conference - January 14–
24, 1943…. Casablanca, Morocco
 Focused on coordinating
Allied military strategy
against the Axis powers
 Concentrate efforts vs. the
Germans to draw German
forces away from E. front
 Also, invade Sicily & Italian
mainland to knock Italy out
of war
 “Unconditional Surrender”
 Destruction of philosophy
 Policy of unconditional
surrender was an
outgrowth of Allied war
aims (Atlantic Charter)
 Wanted to avoid situation
of TOV and post WWI
Tehran Conference - Tehran, Iran, between
November 28 and December 1, 1943.
 FDR, Churchill, & Stalin
 Agreed to Operation Overload
(US & Britain opening a second
front in the west, long called for
by Stalin)
 Soviet Union would declare war
on Japan after Germany was
defeated (US would recognize
some territorial land claims by
SU)
 Stalin agreed to allow Lithuania,
Latvia, and Estonia would be
reincorporated into the Soviet
Union only after the citizens of
each republic voted
 Stalin stressed, however, that
that the matter would have to be
resolved “in accordance with the
Soviet constitution,” and that he
would not consent to any
international control over the
elections.
 Germany into Allied zones of
occupation
Declaration on Liberated Europe
signed at the Yalta Conference 1945
 Signed by US, Britain, &
Soviet Union
 Countries & territory
previously under Axis (Nazi)
control would solve their
economic & political
problems by democratic
means
 The right of all people to
choose the form of
government under which
they will live (Atlantic
Charter)
 By signing this document you
have two political ideologies
clashing
 Democracy vs. Communism
 Why would Stalin and the
Soviet Union agree to this?
Wartime Experience
 US
 USSR
 1941 – FDR & Churchill issue
 Stalin signed non aggression
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Atlantic Charter
1941 – US entered war after
Pearl Harbor
Fielded army of 9 million
No damage or loss of factories,
oil reserves, or other resources
400,000 military deaths
$341 billion dollars spent
Advocated for United Nations
and free elections
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pact in 1939
Entered WWII in 1941 when
Germany invaded
25% of Soviet factories and
resources destroyed by
Germans
10 million military and another
10-12 million civilian deaths
No major victory until
Stalingrad
$192 billion spent on the war
Insisted on friendly/and or
communist gov’t or buffer
zone between W. Europe and
Soviets
Yalta Conference - February 4–11,
1945 – Yalta Russia
 FDR, Churchill, & Stalin
 Knew Allied victory in Europe
was inevitable & Pacific War was
near ending
 Soviets would be granted Sphere
of Influence in Manchuria for
participation in Pacific Theater
 Discussed future of Germany, E.
Europe, and United Nations
 Future governments of the
Eastern European nations
bordering the Soviet Union
should be “friendly” to the Soviet
regime while the Soviets
pledged to allow free elections
in all territories liberated from
Nazi Germany.
 Security Council = 5
permanent members in the UN
 Yet after FDR’s death, Harry
Truman took over and US & SU
clashed over E. Europe
Yalta Conference
 Met to discuss plans of defeat of Germany & world order
after WWII ~ many details left undecided led to conflict
later
 Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan and as a result
would be granted sphere of influence in Manchuria
 Germany would be divided into different occupation zones but
Big Three would enact common policies and plans in each zone
 Soviet Union entitled to compensation for destruction of
property and industry that occurred on Soviet territory during
the war
 Soviet Union agreed to free elections in Eastern
Europe
Potsdam Conference - Potsdam, Germany,
from July 17 to August 2, 1945
 Major Issue = How to handle
Germany
 Demilitarized & disarm into 4
zones of allied occupation (US,
Britain, France, & SU)
 Industry for military purposes
dismantled
 Edu. & judicial systems would
be purged of any authoritarian
influence
 Repeal all discriminatory laws
from Nazi era & arrest & trials
of those Germans deemed to be
“war criminals”
 German – Soviet – Polish
borders…many Germanys in
Poland, Czech, & Hungary
deported Germans back to
within the 4 zones occupied the
allies
 United States, Great Britain, and
China released the “Potsdam
Declaration” …threatened Japan
with “prompt and utter
destruction”
 US believed that they were the
only country with nuclear
capability…SU were well aware
of US nuclear program
Potsdam Conference
 In months following Yalta the Soviets consolidated control of
E. Europe and not lived up to their promises of free elections
 Allied controlled commission to run Germany until decision
could be reached on new German gov’t
 Germany would be demilitarized, de-nazified, divided into 4
occupation zones
 Capital of Berlin was divided into 4 zones
 4 occupying nations could affect how the country and city
would rebuild after the war
 Western border of Germany settled
Exit Card
 The Atlantic Charter was a precursor to what post WWII
international peacekeeping agency?
 Who were the two Superpowers at the end of WWII?
 Describe two conferences and their outcomes during WWII
discussed today in class.