Transcript Globalization - cloudfront.net

Brief Response
• How did Americans prepare for another full-scale war
nationally and individually?
• Propaganda was used to get people out of the depression
caused by the first defeats of the war and give them
confidence in gaining ultimate victory.
• Women and minorities encouraged by the government to
fill industrial jobs, increase farming, and even join the
military.
• Scientists were personally asked in a meeting with FDR to
create new weapons, systems, techniques to win the war.
• Americans sacrificed many things they wanted so the
military could use them.
The War for Europe and North Africa;
The Pacific
p. 569, 578
Today’s goal
• Britain was relieved when US forces arrived in
western North Africa to help drive out Nazi and
Italian forces.
• Russia struggled alone against the Axis until the
US and British forces attacked Italy and France.
• The Japanese proved a difficult and terrifying
enemy for US forces in Island and jungle fighting.
• It became clear that using the atomic bomb on
Japanese targets was the most effective way to
get the fanatical Japanese to surrender.
Vocabulary
• Dwight D Eisenhower
• US commander of the invasion of western North
Africa, 11/42
– Operation Torch
• They would attack Rommel’s Afrika Korps from
the west while the British attacked him from the
east.
• All Axis forces were defeated by 5/43.
• The first major defeat of Axis forces in the west.
D-Day
• Invasion of France at Normandy, 6/44.
• Operation Overlord
– Now Eisenhower was Supreme Commander of all Allied forces.
• German resistance varied from almost nothing to viciously
murderous.
– Omaha Beach….. (show Private Ryan clip if time)
• Allies won the day.
• Allies confused the Germans into thinking a larger invasion
would happen at Calais.
– Hitler would not release his armor to attack Normandy.
– This guaranteed Allied forces could consolidate safely and
prepare for massive, overwhelming attacks by July and August.
Omar Bradley
• Field Commander of the Normandy breakout
forces.
• Cut the German forces in two at St. Lo.
• By August they reached and liberated Paris.
• The Free French forces, though small, were
allowed to enter Paris first.
George Patton
• Colorful and brilliant commander of the Third
Army which broke through the German forces
using Bradley’s plan.
• Patton was aggressive, was not intimidated by
how many troops he lost.
– Germans feared and respected him.
• Patton got into much trouble for slapping a
soldier and publicly berating the Soviet Union.
elite
• A small and privileged group.
• In WWII, such forces included:
– British Special Air Service, SAS
– German Schutzstaffel (SS)
– US Army Rangers
– US Marine Raiders
Battle of the Bulge
• Hitler’s last major drive to split the British and American forces in
half, 12/44.
– Salient formed was the reason it was called a “bulge”.
• Depended on bad weather, surprise, and weak Allied resistance.
• SS troops massacred several hundred US prisoners at Malmedy.
– This news made US troops fight harder.
• An unexpected Patton destroyed the German southern flank
• The weather improved and Allied planes cut German armor and
troops to pieces.
• It was a disaster for Germany; the end was only few months away.
capitulation
• Surrender.
• Eisenhower demanded unconditional
surrender from the Germans.
V-E Day
• May 8, 1945.
• Victory in Europe Day.
• The war was over in Europe.
Harry S. Truman
• Became president when Franklin Roosevelt
died, in April 1945, of a stroke.
The War in the Pacific
578
Douglas MacArthur
• General in charge of the defense of the Philippines, in 1941.
• Was ordered back by FDR, before the US surrender in 1942.
• Japanese troops committed atrocities against US and
Filipino POWs.
– Death marches to prison camps
– Denial of medical services and food
– Beatings and killings.
• He pledged to the Filipino people and the US troops left
behind, “I shall return!”
• Put in charge of all Army forces in the South Pacific theater
of the war.
My Uncle, Don
• A similar march to the Bataan Death March, took
place when the US fortified island of Corregidor fell.
Corporal Donald
Tilghman Fugitt,
US Army Air
Corps.
Marched by
Japanese Army
to camp.
Got no
medication at
Cabanatuan
Prison Camp, for
dysentery.
Passed away
May 1942.
Chester Nimitz
• CINCPAC, in charge of all US naval forces in the
Pacific.
• Goal was to prevent further Japanese gains in
the Pacific.
Battle of Midway
• Nimitz’ intelligence people learned a large IJN force was heading to
capture the key naval base there.
– IJN were both bombing the bases, but also searching for USN aircraft
carriers.
– When they learned where the US carriers were, Admiral Nagumo
order all his planes rearmed from bombing to anti-ship weapons.
– US planes caught the IJN carriers while the change and refueling was
happening.
– US bombs, aided by Japanese fuel and munitions caused devastating
destruction, sinking four of Japan’s biggest carrier and killing many
skilled pilots.
• Midway was a turning point, because Japan would now be on the
defensive only.
• America could begin its “island hopping” campaign toward Japan.
kamikaze
• Japan first used suicide pilots to try stopping the US
invasion of the Philippines at Leyte Gulf.
• Of 424 pilots, 16 US ships were sunk and 80 more
damaged.
• It terrified US personnel
• Futile tactic as it did not stop the taking of Leyte or
other US advances.
• US technology, training, material made it possible to
replace losses and restore the morale of military
personnel.
• Much of Japan’s capital fleet was further ruined at
Leyte.
J. Robert Oppenheimer
• Scientist leader of the Manhattan project.
• Military overseer was General Leslie Groves.
• His team of scientists, many European exiles,
developed and tested the first atomic bomb.
• July 16, 1945: Trinity test of the plutonium
bomb.
– Hungarian scientist, Dr. Edward Teller, was on the
team. He was proud of the weapon to destroy the
Axis. He would later design the hydrogen bomb
during the Cold War.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• The first city bombed, August 6, 1945, was Hiroshima.
– Japan did not waste effort trying to destroy three B-29s on what
most thought was a reconnaissance mission.
– The center of Hiroshima was incinerated and flattened.
• The Japanese government did not respond, so the US
dropped a second bomb on Nagasaki, on August 9.
• On August 15, Emperor Hirohito, against the wishes of
Japanese militarists, broadcast his wish to his people that
they surrender, to avoid more useless horror.
• Formal surrender came with the signing of the surrender
papers on the USS Missouri, in Tokyo Bay, on September 2.
• The US Occupation of Japan would last some eight years.
Nuremberg Trials
• The Allies demanded that the people responsible for the most
vicious and murderous war in history be held accountable for their
“crimes against humanity”.
• Trials began in Germany of 24 surviving Nazi leaders.
– 12 were sentenced to death.
– Most of the others went to prison
• Many Nazis were not even arrested, however.
• Some, who had performed inhumane scientific experiments, were
divided up by the Allies, given new identities and given jobs in
universities or laboratories where they could share what they
learned.
– Warfare
– Medicine
– Space
End hwk
• Begin class work
p . 570, analyzing causes
• The Allies had succeeded in using convoys.
• The US had greatly increased the production
of ships.
• Propaganda films showed government
leaders, troops, and the local and foreign
public how much America was putting into its
war industry…..
p. 571, synthesizing
• Stalin’s decision to defend the city.
• Hitler’s decision to besiege it no matter what
the cost.
p. 572, summarizing
• The defeat of Hitler’s troops.
p. 572, geography skillbuilder
• 1.
– Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Turkey,
Sweden, Switzerland
– EC: Which of these countries would it be easiest
for Nazis to escape Europe at the end of the war?
– Answer:
• Switzerland
• 2.
– Operation Torch
p. 573, analyzing effects
• The Allies freed Italy despite Hitler’s efforts at
the Battle of Anzio.
• Mussolini was removed from power.
p. 574, geography skillbuilder
• 1.
– This is the narrowest part of the English Channel.
• 2.
– It was complex, involving five separate landings in
France
p. 574, evaluating
• Yes
• On D-Day, the Allies penetrated the beaches
along the Normandy Coast.
• Despite heavy losses, they held the
beachheads and began moving inland.
p. 576, analyzing effects
• The Germans lost men and equipment that
they could not replace.
• The battle weakened their offense
p. 577, 3, evaluating decisions
Agree with unconditional
surrender
Disagree with unconditional
surrender
• Hitler had to be crushed
completely so that he would
not have the opportunity to
rebuild his army.
• If something less than
unconditional surrender
were required, the
bloodshed would stop
earlier and fewer Allied
soldiers would be killed.
p. 577, 4, analyzing primary sources
• Roosevelt’s body symbolized the bodies of all
the men and women who had died for
freedom.
p. 579, comparing
• Both were surprise naval attacks that resulted
in substantial destruction of the enemy fleet.
p. 580, geography skillbuilder
• 1.
– Guam
• 2.
– The distances meant that the Allies had to
leapfrog from one island to another, causing great
difficulties in transporting goods and personnel.
p. 581, drawing conclusions
• The battle was a disaster for Japan.
• From then on, the Imperial Japanese Navy
played only a minor role in the defense of
Japan.
p. 582, interpreting visual sources
• 1.
– Rosenthal’s image shows six men strongly united, in
the effort of raising the flag.
– The flag is in the process of being raised, thus
symbolizing the difficulty of the struggle.
• 2.
– Unity, cooperation, courage, triumph against odds.
– BTW, Rosenthal would win the Pulitzer Prize for his
photograph. The highest prize for photojournalism
and journalism.
EC
• Find another Pulitzer Prize winning photo from any time in
US history (about the US, foreign or domestic). (4)
– You may not do the same photo from this lesson, nor the same
photo that anyone else is doing.
• ID the author (1)
• Write a brief description of the event (4)
• Write a brief analysis of why the photo earned the praise of
journalistic community. (4)
• (up to 13 points)
• Due in five school days from this lesson.
Ira Hayes
•
•
Ira Hayes’ life reflected the best and worst of America.
His people, Pima Indians from AZ, lived in poverty, and had much of the water they
needed taken by powerful White business interest and politicians.
– Still, when America needed volunteers for WWII, he like many Native Americans, enlisted.
•
He was suddenly a hero for helping put up the second flag on Iwo Jima and
becoming part of history.
– The government pulled him out of combat to tour the US to raise war bonds.
•
•
He was a humble man and felt much guilt that he was made a hero when many of
his fellow Marines died in combat, especially while he was being wined and dined
in the States.
He returned to the reservation after his military service, at first treated like a hero.
– He drank heavily, mostly from what we today call Post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD).
– People began to criticize him and make fun of him.
– He died, alone, having passed out in several inches of puddle water on the otherwise dry
reservation.
•
Johnny Cash, part Native American himself, performed Peter La Farge’s ode to him:
“The Ballad of Ira Hayes.”
Ira Hayes
• What was the situation like for Ira Hayes’ people Arizona? Explain
• They were poor and had no water—the Whites had taken most of the
water for White farms.
• Why do you think Ira, and other native-Americans, joined and fought for
the White man in the war? (2)
• He was sure to get pay for serving his country and native-Americans were
a patriotic group (they were still a warrior culture); perhaps they thought
Whites would respect them more if they defended the US.
• Tourists expected to see Indians dance. What was disappointing about
Ira? Explain (2)
• Ira was a troubled alcoholic, has-been hero, who did not dance (probably
had PTSD)
• What is mentioned as a humiliation of Ira in his veteran years on the Pima
reservation? (2)
• They let him raise and lower the reservation flag (like you’d throw a dog a
bone)
p. 583, drawing conclusions
• It was the last island that stood between the
Allies and the final assault on Japan.
• The battle itself was a foretaste of what the Allies
imagined the final invasion of Japan would be
like.
• The suicidal fighting tenacity of the Japanese
troops and civilians on Saipan and Okinawa
convinced the military and Truman that the
nuclear option was the best solution to losing an
estimated 500,000 troops in and invasion.
p. 585, 1, connect to history
Pro dropping the A-bomb
 Prevent additional Allied
casualties.
 People would consider
the project a huge waste
of money if it were not
dropped.
 Success would give the
US an advantage over
the Soviet Union.
Con dropping the A-bomb
• It is an immoral weapon if
used without warning Japan
fairly.
• Since Japan was practically
defeated, using the bomb
was unnecessary.
p. 585, analyzing motives
• Roosevelt wanted Soviet help in the war
against Japan.
• He also wanted Soviet cooperation in
establishing the United Nations.
p. 586, summarizing
• They agreed to a temporary division of
Germany into four zones
• Stalin promised that Soviet-occupied Eastern
European countries would have free elections.
• Stalin agreed to send troops to defeat Japan.
• Stalin agreed to the establishment of the
United Nations.
p. 587, 3, developing historical
perspective
• Soldiers observed the German military
tradition of following orders issued by
commanding officers.
• It is important to negate this point of view to
stress the importance of individual
responsibility.
EC
• When American troops commit atrocities in wars, should they be held
accountable for crimes against humanity?
• Make a debate sheet like the ones
• Find an event (any time in US history) where US troops committed
atrocities in your opinion, write of it briefly. (4)
• Provide a picture ((4) avoid too graphic)
• Pro: they should be held accountable (4)
• Con: they should not be held accountable (4)
• Due in seven school days from this lesson.
• BTW: George W. Bush “unsigned” the ICC Treaty, essentially saying that no
American troops may be held accountable for crimes against humanity.
• Barack Obama has restored the relationship with the ICC (International
Criminal Court).
p. 587, 4, drawing conclusions
• The United States followed an island-by-island
strategy of winning territory back from Japan.
• With each victory, Allied forces moved closer
to Japan.
p. 587, 5, evaluating decisions
Legitimate to hold war criminals
accountable.
Illegitimate to hold war criminals
accountable.
 People should be
prosecuted for
committing atrocities as
much during wartime as
during peacetime.
• In war, people are expected
to kill the enemy.
• Ordinary laws do not apply
during wartime.
Brief Response
• What were the key moments in the North
African, European, and Pacific Theaters
leading to Axis defeat?
Today’s goal (review)
• Britain was relieved when US forces arrived in
western North Africa to help drive out Nazi and
Italian forces.
• Russia struggled alone against the Axis until the
US and British forces attacked Italy and France.
• The Japanese proved a difficult and terrifying
enemy for US forces in Island and jungle fighting.
• It became clear that using the atomic bomb on
Japanese targets was the most effective way to
get the fanatical Japanese to surrender.