Transcript WWII PP Study Guidex

What
caused
WWII?
Remember the Treaty of Versailles?...
• Germany must disarm
• Germany must accept the “war guilt
clause”
• Germany loses tons of land
• Germany must pay over $3 billion in
reparations
Spain = non-belligerent nation
France was not technically in the war very long, because they were taken over by German
force very early.
-Leadership During WWII• Most new democracies formed after WWII became dictatorships.
Totalitarianism
• Many nations turned to strong, outspoken dictators because no
one else could promise them want they needed so badly.
• Troubled in his youth, failed artist
• Lost his mother
• Left Austria to fight for Germany during WWI
• Blamed the Jews for the condition in Germany
following WWI
• Invented Nazism
• Wrote Mein Kampf while in jail – gained popularity
• Came to power in Germany legally
• Created the Third Reich – Third German Empire
• Wanted to expand German power by using an
advanced military
• DID NOT support the Treaty of Versailles
First Moves
• He creates Lebensraum
– “living space”
– Originally wrote about it
in Mein Kampf (1928)
– He gets closer to his
dream of the Third Reich
or the Third German
Empire
2. He remilitarized
the Rhineland
3. He took Austria –
to unite all German
speaking people
4. He wanted to take
the Sudetenland,
a part of
Czechoslovakia
Munich Pact
France & Great Britain meet with Hitler to make him stop but instead
they appease him!
APPEASEMENT – give someone something they want in order to avoid
conflict.
5. Germany and Soviet Union sign the
NAZI-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
stating they would work together to invade and take
back Poland and neither would invade the other,
August 1939
*BOOM*
st
September 1 . 1939 – Germany invades
Poland using
Blitzkrieg – “lightning war”
This marks the official beginning of WWII
Germany Attacks Great Britain
Battle of Britain – fought in the skies over Britain!
RAF (GB) vs. Luftwaffe (Germ)
Britain wins!
Hitler puts off a
land invasion
Review
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Treaty of Versailles
World-Wide Depression
Great Leaders Come Forward
Hitler’s First Moves
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Lebensraum
Remilitarizes the Rhineland
Anschluss
Takes the Sudetenland
• Munich Pact with GB and France
– Non-Aggression Pact with the Soviet Union
• Invasion of Poland and France
• Battle of Britain
Meanwhile …
the Nuremberg Laws are passed in Nuremberg,
Germany
limiting the rights of the Jews in Germany and
conquered territories.
The United States becomes the
“
We aid the allies with equipment and make $$$
• Cash and Carry
• Allies would come to US and grab their items and
sail the items back on their ships!
• Lend - Lease Act & Destroyers for Bases
• Ways the US aided the Allies and got “stuff” in
return instead of MONEY
• (land, military bases, access to markets)
In August of 1941 FDR and Churchill meet and sign the
Atlantic Charter
*A statement of war aims*
*Hitler First*
*Neither country would seek territorial prizes*
Oil Embargo
• Japan relied on America for about 80% of its
oil
• America places on oil embargo on Japan in
July 1941, making Japan realize that they only
had about 2 years worth of oil left…. Which
was not good for them.
• PEARL HARBOR
• December 7, 1941 happens
• This changes everything….
Great Britain and the US meet in late
December of 1941
• They decide to fight together against the axis
forces
• Main Goal: want to make sure that a United
Nations is formed after the war, including all
of the allied powers and any other countries
who agreed with their ideals.
• January 1941 – Four Freedoms Speech
• August 1941 – Atlantic Charter, GB and US
decide they will seek no territorial gains
• December 7, 1941 – Pearl Harbor attack
AMERICA OFFICIALLY JOINS THE WAR
• Late December 1941 – GB and US decide to
create a United Nations
Executive Order 9066
• Allowed the Secretary of War to set up military
zones
• Eventually allowed
for Japanese
Internment – or
Japanese people
on American soil
being sent to
internment camps
• 62% of those
sent were American
citizens
Korematsu v. United States
• Case filed questioning the constitutionality of
Executive Order 9066
• Courts found in favor of the government,
saying that the internment camps were
constitutional
Minorities at War
Volunteered their service – Double “V” Campaign
Victory at Home and Victory Abroad
Served mainly as cooks and other service jobs
Dorie Miller – first solider decorated in WWII
Tuskegee Airmen
• Pilots that came from the Tuskegee Institute
• First African-American military aviators
• Supported greatly by Eleanor Roosevelt
Executive Order 8802
• Prohibited racial discrimination in the national
defense industry.
– It was the first federal action to promote equal
opportunity and prohibit discrimination in
employment
• A. Philip Randolph was a civil rights activist
who worked to get this into effect
Navajo Code Talkers
Used their tribal language to encode messages …The
only code that was never broken in WWII
Repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act
• Japanese Propaganda tried to sever any
possible ties between the Chinese and
America by advertising that America refused
to let Chinese people in
• In response, America lifted the ban on Chinese
Exclusion and set a quota for a certain amount
to be allowed in
Homefront…
• Office of War Mobilization: coordinated all
agencies involved in the war effort
• Office of Price Administration: in charge of
keeping prices stable during the war
Battle of the Atlantic
• German goal was to keep goods from reaching the
Allied forces
• Destroyed 681 Allied ships in the Atlantic by mid ‘42
• Allies began using the convoy system
– Groups of ships travelling together for mutual protection
• Also had planes that followed to find U-boats
• Allies turned it around and by ‘43, Allied were
winning the Battle in the Atlantic
North Africa Campaign
• Allied powers wanted to start another front
– Stalin wanted to start one in Western Europe since there
was fighting happening in his country
– Axis powers controlled North Africa
– Churchill and Roosevelt thought this was a better option
• Invaded in November of ‘42 and the last of the
troops in North Africa surrendered by May ’43
• Operation Torch, the campaign in Africa was
commanded by General Dwight D. Eisenhower
Turning Points
• Battle at Midway: remember the Midway Islands?
– Japan wanted to attack the Midway Atoll (June 1942)
– The United States intercepted a message and translated
it
– We were able to prepare for the attack and were
waiting for them. We launched a surprise counterattack.
• Battle at Stalingrad: named for Stalin, so Hitler
wanted it
– Wanted a quick battle, so they invaded USSR in summer
1942
– Couldn’t get through as quick as they wanted and ended
up being there until February 1943
– Germans could not handle the Soviet Winter and many
died of frostbite, guns in hand
Tehran Conference
• The Big Three: Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin
meet in Tehran, Iran
• Strategic meeting of allied powers
• Decided to launch Operation Overlord the
following year
• Decided their military staffs should keep close
contact
D-DAY
• 3 million American, British, and Canadian troops
gather in England
• “Operation Overlord”
• Sent an incorrect message knowing the
Germans would intercept it
• June 6, 1944
• Largest land-sea-air operation in army history
• Took back France by September 1944
• Dwight D. Eisenhower – commander of the
Allied forces at D-Day
Iwo Jima
• Feb –Mar 1945
• Important island in close proximity to Japan –
“island hopping”
• Needed it to launch bombs
• Was heavily protected by Japanese troops
• Used Navajo Code Talkers
Battle of Okinawa
• Kamikaze – a Japanese aircraft loaded with
explosives and making a deliberate suicidal
crash on an enemy target.
– Used almost 2,000 kamikazes at Okinawa
• The land battle ended with Japanese
casualties at more than 12x the amount
America lost.
Chester Nimitz
• Commander of the
American naval
forces in the Pacific
• Moved to defend
the Midway Islands
• His troops
devastated
Japanese aircrafts
carriers, cruisers,
and planes
Douglas MacArthur
• Fought in the Philippines for the Allied forces
• When it seemed like they wouldn’t win,
Roosevelt ordered him to leave the
Philippines, but he came back to defeat the
Japanese in 1944
• Later becomes
General of the Army
• We will talk about
him more later!!
• December 1943 – Tehran Conference, decide to
launch Operation Overlord
• June 1944 – D-Day
• February of 1945 – Yalta Conference is held
• Feb- March 1945 – Battle of Iwo Jima
• April of 1945 – President Roosevelt dies after his
fourth election victory. He is replaced by his VP,
Harry S. Truman
• May 1945 – Suffering many defeats, Nazi
Germany surrenders and Hitler kills himself
• But is the war over?
Atlantic Charter
• August 1941
• Between Great Britain
and America
• Agreed upon:
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No territorial gains
Freedom of the seas
Lower trade barriers
Self-determination
Economic cooperation
Advance social welfare
Tehran Conference
• December 1943
• BIG THREE: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill
• Decided to keep their military staffs in close
contact
• Decided to launch Operation Overlord the
following year
• Then D-day happens in June 1944
Yalta
Conference
• Feb 1945
• Met in the USSR
• Stalin wanted to
punish Germany
• Churchill disagreed
• Roosevelt was a
mediator
• Creation of the
United Nations by
these 3 countries!
V-E Day
• Apr 25, 1945: Soviets
stormed Berlin
• Hitler commits suicide
• A week later, General
Eisenhower accepted
the unconditional
surrender of the Third
Reich
• May 8,1945
• February of 1945 – Yalta Conference is held
– Soviets want to punish Germany
– U.S. want Soviets to enter war against Japan
– We want Soviet help in setting up the United Nations
• April of 1945 – President Roosevelt dies after his
fourth election victory
• He is replaced by his VP, Harry S. Truman
• May 1945 – Suffering many defeats, Nazi
Germany surrenders and Hitler kills himself
Potsdam Conference
• July –Aug 2, 1945
• Held in occupied
Germany
• Stalin, Churchill, Truman
• Division of Germany into
four occupation zones
• Prosecution of Nazi war
criminals
• Discuss how to end the
war in the Pacific
Nuremburg War Crimes Trials
To punish the NAZI’s for their crimes against
humanity
12 NAZI Officers tried by an International jury
All found guilty
Some put to death
Some imprisoned for life
Were there others?
Where are they now?
Manhattan Project
• Group of scientists in
charge of many aspects of
research and development
• Developed and tested the
nuclear weapon later used
in the war
• Tested one atomic bomb in
July 1945
• Spent about 2 billion
throughout the war for
this device
The Introduction of Nuclear Warfare
• Nuclear weapons: a vast
amount of energy being
released from a small
amount of matter due to
nuclear reactions
• A uranium bomb was
dropped on Hiroshima on
August 6, 1945
• Three days later, a
plutonium bomb was
dropped on Nagasaki
Enola Gay – plane that dropped the
first atomic bomb
August 6, 1945:
Hiroshima – “Little Boy”
August 9, 1945:
Nagasaki - “Fat Man”
V-J Day – the day the Japanese
unconditionally surrendered to the
Allies