Transcript WWII PP

Chapter 24-25
WWII
Role of U.S. after WWI
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1920’s – isolationist, withdrawal from
world affairs.
Tried to negotiate disarmament,
reducing size of militaries.
Kellogg-Briand Pact – outlawed war “as
an instrument of national policy” but
allowed countries to go to war in selfdefense. Signed by 62 countries.
Challenges to World Peace
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Mussolini founds
Fascist Party in Italy.
Helped by Blackshirts
to take over country.
Hitler starts the Nazi
Party in Germany.
1933 he pulls out of
League. Continues to
build up military in
defiance of Treaty of
Versailles.
Challenges Cont’d
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Stalin turned Soviet Union into a
Totalitarian State.
Japan takes over Manchuria; condemned
by League; quits League. Proved
weakness of Kellogg-Briand Pact.
Germany and Italy supported Franco
and nationalist in Spanish-Civil War, and
democracies supported the loyalist.
Franco won in Spain and created a
Fascist dictatorship.
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
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Agreed to fight Soviet Communism, and
would become the aggressors in the
world.
Axis Powers
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Germany and Italy formed the Axis
Powers; and later was joined by Japan.
Democratic Response
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Western democracies adopt policy of
appeasement, giving into demands to keep
peace. There were feelings of pacifism.
Kellogg-Briand Pact – “outlined war as a
national policy” U.S. and France (62 countries
signed)
U.S. passed Neutrality Acts in 1935 – would
not sale arms to countries at war, or give loans
to those at war.
1938
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Germany amassed troops
on the border of Austria
and Czechoslovakia in
order to reunify Germanspeaking people.
September 30, 1938 –
Munich Pact between
Hitler and Chamberlain
(Brit. PM) saying that the
Sudetenland would be his
last territorial demand.
Nonaggression Pact
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August 23, 1939 –
between Soviet Union
and Germany that said –
 (1) Not to fight if
other went to war
 (2) Divide Poland and
East Europe.
1939 for Germany
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September 1, 1939 – Hitler turned his
attention to Poland saying that Germans in
Poland were being mistreated. Began
blitzkrieg, lightening war, on Poland.
September 3, 1939 – France and Britain,
the Allied Powers, declared war on
Germany. Honored commitment to
Poland.
Events of 1940
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April – Hitler surprise
attacks Denmark and
Netherlands in order to
“protect their
independence”.
Germany also began
attacking around the
Maginot Line, a line of
defenses along the
French border with
Germany.
Fall of Paris
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June, 1940 – Paris falls
to Germany. Germany
takes over Northern
France and places a
puppet Nazi gov’t in
southern (Vichy) France.
France’s future PM,
Charles de Gaulle,
fled to Britain to set up
a gov’t in exile.
Battle of Britain
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August 1940 - June 1941:
Operation Sea Lion was
Germany’s invasion of
Britain. Ger. Luftwaffe
(794) began making
daily bombing raids over
London. 57 straight
nights. These were the
first aerial attacks in war.
Germany stops and doesn’t
invade because they couldn’t
control the air space, and he
decided to invade the Soviet
Union.
Triapartite Pact
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Summer 1940 – Germany, Italy, and
Japan sign the Triapartite Pact forming
the Axis Powers.
Summer of 1940
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Mussolini sends
troops into North
Africa. Germany
sends in help
commanded by
General Edwin
Rommel; the
“Desert Fox”.
Operation Barbarossa
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June 1941 – Hitler’s conquest of the
Soviet Union. Used scorched earth policy,
but got halted when they were stuck
fighting during the winter.
American Involvement
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Neutrality Acts of 1939.
Lend-Lease Act - $7 billion for ship, planes,
tanks, and other supplies to non-Axis countries.
August of 1941 – Atlantic Charter: between
FDR and Churchill. Called for final destruction of
Nazi tyranny and goals for postwar world.
December 7th, 1941
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Japan, led by General Tojo, attacked
Pearl Harbor. “Day which will live in
infamy”; 21 ships damaged/destroyed,
118 planes destroyed, and over 2400
deaths.
Pearl Harbor
Result of Pearl Harbor
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December 8, 1941 –
Congress votes to go
to war 388-1.
December 11 – Italy
and Germany declare
war on U.S.
Advantages of Allies - 2
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Axis spread of enormous area.
Size of Soviet military.
Production of U.S.
Advantages of Axis - 2
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Had firm control over areas they invaded.
Well prepared for war.
Mobilizing for War in U.S.
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Production created an economic boom
that ended the Great Depression.
War Production Board (801)
Office of War Mobilization (802)
Selective Training and Service Act
(803)
More Americans were forced to pay taxes.
OPA set prices on goods.
War Production Board
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Directed the
conversion of existing
factories to wartime
production and
supervised the
building of new
plants.
Office of War Mobilization
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Coordinated all
government agencies
involved in the war
effort, and
coordinated the
production and
distribution of
consumer goods.
Selective Training and Service Act
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Provided first peacetime draft in U.S.
History. Required all men ages 21 to 35
to register.
2 Major decisions
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Made by Churchill and FDR now that
they are in the “same boat”.
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Make the defeat of Germany to Allies’ top
priority.
Accept only an unconditional surrender of
the Axis Powers.
1942
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January – Japan takes
over the Philippines as
MacArthur,
commander of the U.S.
forces in the Pacific, is
told to withdraw troops.
American troops also
land in Europe, in
Ireland.
March - MacArthur
leaves to defend
Australia.
Bataan Death March
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April - U.S. troops
surrender at the
Philippines, and
beginning of the
Bataan Death March;
forcing of more than
70,000 soldiers to
march through the
jungle on their way to
prison camp where
many would die.
Battle of Coral Sea
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May of 1942 - (Pacific): Allies were able to stop
Japanese invasion of Australia and turn them
back. Established a new type of naval warfare
in which all fighting was done by carrier-based
airplanes. Japan wanted Australia.
Battle of Midway
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June of 1942 (Pacific): U.S. had broken Japanese
fleet code so the U.S. had advance warning of
Japanese attacks. The largest assembly of naval
power in history. Adm. Nimitz, with less ships and
planes, ordered a repeated attacks of incoming
Japanese ships and planes. U.S. wins.
Admiral Nimitz
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Commander of U.S.
Pacific Fleet.
Battle of Stalingrad
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August of 1942 (Europe): Germany trying
to conquer Soviet Union and cut off
military supplies up the Volga River. Stalin
orders Soviets not to back down, and they
hold out until winter. German troops
surrender frozen, and it ends Hitler’s
eastern offensive, and Stalin starts moving
to the west. Soviets lost more troops than
U.S. lost in all of WWII.
Battle of Guadalcanal
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Aug. – Nov: (Pacific);
America’s first land
offensive. It was
called “Island of
Death”. Japan
withdraws because of
no reinforcements.
Japan’s first defeat on
land.
Operation Torch
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Allies start “Operation Torch”, commanded by
Eisenhower, in Axis controlled North Africa. In
May of 1943 the Allies force the surrender of
Gen. Rommels and his troops in North Africa.
Promoting the War
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Office of War Info (807)
Displayed colored banners and stars.
Stars went over seas to entertain troops.
Americans cut back on luxuries and
necessities to help out.
American women did their part to help out
– Rosie the Riveter (810)
Office of War Information
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Job was to control the flow of war news at
home.
Discrimination during the War
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African Americans fought
discrimination and greater
opportunities. A. Philip
Randolph – planned to
march on Washington to
protest discrimination
against black workers.
Japanese Americans on
west coast dealt with
internment because of the
fear they were spies.
Casablanca Conference
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Jan of 1943 - FDR
and Churchill map out
strategy for European
invasion.
Fighting in 1943
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July - Patton leads invasion of Sicily. It
gives Allies control of Mediterranean, and
they invade Italy.
Allies began bombing Rome in July.
Mussolini is forced to resign. He is taken
by Germany. Italy signs a secret armistice
with Allies, and Italy declares war on
Germany. Hitler refuses to give up control
of Italy.
Tehran Conference
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Nov. – Dec.: FDR,
Churchill, and Stalin
meet for the first
time. They confer
about the coming
invasion of Europe.
Battle of Bloody Anzio
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May of 1944 - Allies finally win after being
pinned on the beach for 4 months, and
drive the Germans out of Rome.
D-Day Invasion
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June 6th - (Operation Overlord): Led by
Eisenhower, the commander of the
Allied forces in Europe. The largest
invasion force in U.S. history. Landed on
Normandy coast of France. It took 4 days
to take the beach. We lost 2000 troops at
Omaha Beach.
D-Day Pictures
Holocaust
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Systematic slaughter of European Jews.
Holocaust
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1935 – Nurembourg Laws stripped Jews of
German citizenship, civil rights, and property if
they tried to leave Germany. Also no marriages
between Jews and Non-Jews.
1939 – Germany’s Final Solution was genocide
(deliberate killing of an entire people).
Most were sent to concentration camps –
cycle of hunger, humiliation, and work that
ended in death.
Late 1941 – Germany built 6 Death Camps,
where these people were sent for mass murder
in gas chambers, in Poland. Auschwitz was the
largest where the most died.
Holocaust Pictures
Holocaust Pictures
V-2’s
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Germany launches
world’s first guided
missiles at London
called V-2’s in 1944.
Island Hopping Campaign
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Strategy used by the U.S. to retake
Japanese held lands in the Pacific.
August of 1944 - Gain Guam, which gives
the U.S. an airbase from which to begin
large-scale bombing of Japan.
Battle of Leyte Gulf
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Oct. - MacArthur
returns to the
Philippines, and leads
in the battle. (Pacific):
Major naval defeat for
Japanese, and
diminished the
Japanese Navy’s role.
First use of kamikazes, or suicide
pilots.
Battle of the Bulge
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Dec. - (Europe): Last
major German
counteroffensive.
The largest battle
fought by U.S. led by
Patton. His army
help to stop the
Germans. Nazi’s
forced to retreat.
Yalta Conference
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Feb. 1945 - Create
UN after War. It was
the groundwork for
postwar division of
Europe.
Pacific Map
Battle of Iwo Jima
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March 1945 (Pacific): U.S. largest death
number of any battle in the Pacific. It was
Japan’s last line of radar defense. It took
1 month to secure island. Image of 6
marines raising the flag.
Iwo Jima Pictures
Battle of Okinawa
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April - (Pacific):
Bloodiest battle of the
Pacific. 8,000 U.S.
deaths. Last obstacle
to Allied invasion of
Japan falls in Japan.
April 12th, 1945
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FDR dies of cerebral
hemorrhage. Truman
becomes Pres., and
finds about the
Manhattan Project
(825) – the most
ambitious scientific
enterprise in history
that was to develop
the atomic bomb. It
was headed by
Oppenheimer.
May 8th 1945
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V-E Day – Germany
surrenders to
Eisenhower.
July 16th, 1945
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First atomic bomb is
detonated in New
Mexico.
August 6th, 1945
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Enola Gay drops atomic bomb on
Hiroshima. On August 9th the second
bomb is dropped on Nagasaki.
Atomic Bomb Pictures
Sept. 2nd, 1945
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MacArthur accepts
surrender of Japan.
Cost of War (2)
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More deaths than any previous war.
More property destroyed.
Some 30 million civilians lost their lives.
Costs totaled more than 1 trillion!