Transcript File - Mrs. Rodas` United States History

WWII WORD WALL
Neutrality Act
• designed to preserve U.S. neutrality in foreign wars by avoiding the
issues that had drawn the nation into World War I.
Lend-Lease Program
•American policy, at the beginning of WWII, to lend or lease
(rent) weapons to Great Britain and the Soviet Union.
Allied Powers
• WWII alliance between Great Britain, the U.S., France, China, the
Soviet Union, and several other European countries in an effort to
defeat the Axis powers.
Axis Powers
• Alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan against the allied
nations in WWII.
Mobilization
• act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other
emergency: "mobilization of the troops
Rationing
• Allow each person to have only a fixed amount of (a particular
commodity): "shoes were rationed from 1943
Internment
• confinement during wartime.
War-Time Conversions
• industries switch to wartime production.
WWII
The US Before the War:
•After WWI the United Stated became an
isolationist state.
•This meant that many people did not
want to get involved in European or
foreign affairs.
•Adolf Hitler, Bonito Mussolini, Hideki Tojo
throughout the 1930s had provided direct
challenged to FDR’s foreign policy by
invading and annexing countries in
Europe, Africa, Asia.
•In the late 1930s as Germany invaded Poland and
war was imminent; the US Congress passed the
Neutrality Act of 1939.
•This allowed the European nations to buy arms
from the US for cash if they carried them on
their own ships.
•In March of 1941 the US passed the Lend-Lease
Act that allowed the us to loan ships, planes,
guns to the Allied Powers.
•In August of 1941 the US and Great Britain sign
the Atlantic Charter that strengthens the
friendship between the two.
War Comes to the US
• Throughout the summer and fall of 1941 German submarines
had targeted American Navy ships.
• On Sunday December 7th , 1941 the US Pacific Fleet was
attacked at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii by Japan.
• Not only did Japan attack Pearl Harbor but also attacked US
possessions throughout the Pacific such as the Philippines,
Midway Island, and Wake Island.
• The next day December 8th the US declares war on Japan after
FDR request a declaration during his “Day of Infamy” speech.
• On December 11th the US declares war on Germany and Italy
after the two nations had declared war on the US.
• Two Theaters of War:
Europe and Pacific.
Pearl Harbor
Mobilization for WWII
• 5 million American volunteer
• Another 10 million drafted (Selective Service)
• 18 million working in war industries
• Less than 25% hired African Americans
• Weekly paychecks rose 35%
• Unemployment falls to 1.2%
• What did joining World War II do to the Great
Depression, if unemployment dropped from 25% to
1.2%?
Rationing
• Office of Price Administration (OPA) set limits on
prices, keeping them manageable (slow down the
inflation!)
• OPA also set up a system where households received
rationing coupons (c-books) to be used for buying such
scarce goods as meat, shoes, sugar, coffee, and
gasoline.
• Why would it be important to RATION things like sugar
and gasoline during war?
A Philip Randolph
• July 1, 1944 Randolph called for African Americans to
march at Washington DC under this banner:
• “We Loyal Colored Americans Demand the Right to Work and
Fight for Our Country.”
• FDR backed down and issued an executive order
making discrimination in defense industrial hiring
illegal
• Who does A. Philip Randolph remind you of?
• Frederick Douglass?
• WEB DuBois?
• Martin Luther King, Jr.?
Japanese-American Internment
•In 1942, FDR ordered removal of 110,000
Japanese-Americans to “relocation centers”
(prison camp)
•2/3 were Nisei (born in US)
•$400 million in possessions lost
•Should this be illegal? Why or Why not?
•In 1944, the Supreme Court said the camps
were legal in the name of military necessity
•Korematsu v. United States
Women in War Industries
• 6 million women come to work (35% of work force) in
order to keep the economy running
• And women in war!
• WAAC (Women’s Auxiliary Army Commission) never in combat
positions
• How have women’s roles and expectations evolved
from (a) World War I, (b) the Roaring Twenties, (c) The
Great Depression, and now (d) World War II?
WWII AND
OUTCOMES WORD
WALL
Dwight D. Eisenhower
• was a five-star general in the United States
Army during WWII and the 34th President of the
United States. Was the Supreme Allied
Commander in Europe during the war.
Operation Overlord
• Code name for D-Day, June 6th, 1944. Land, Air,
Sea attack.
D-Day
• date of the Allied landing in France, World War II.
Iwo Jima
• During World War II, it was a heavily fortified site of a
Japanese airbase, and its attack and capture in 1944–45
was one of the severest US campaigns. Located in the
western Pacific Ocean, south of Tokyo
Manhattan Project
• Secret WWII project to harness atomic power; resulted
in the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki, Japan.
Atomic Bomb
• atom bomb: a nuclear weapon in which enormous energy is
released by nuclear fission (splitting the nuclei of a heavy
element like uranium or plutonium)
WWII AND
OUTCOMES
US Enters the War
• The US strategy was Europe first. Defeat Germany
first and then Japan.
• The Allies begin the campaign against Germany and
Italy in North Africa. The landing was known as
Operation Torch.
• The US troops get “on the job” training. Meaning
they were unprepared and had to learn quickly. The
Allies faced a German commander, Field Marshall
Romel, who was known as the Desert Fox.
• After North Africa the Allies invade Sicily and the
Italian peninsula but got bogged down by fierce
German resistance. So they had to find another way
into Germany.
D-Day
•June 6, 1944
•General Dwight D. Eisenhower planned a
major attack from Britain to the northern
beaches of France
•Operation Overlord will be the largest landsea-air operation in army history!
•Seven days of fighting along an 80mile
coast marked the beginning of the Allied
victory in Europe
•Where else have you heard that name
(Eisenhower) before?
Battle of Midway
•The TURNING POINT battle in the Pacific stops
the growth of the Japanese sea empire
•Huge morale boost for Americans
•Opens the Allied strategy of “island hopping”
toward Japan
•What battle in Europe
does this compare to?
•Led to victories at Guadalcanal, Leyte Gulf,
Iwo Jima, Okinawa
Fall of Berlin
•Hitler’s last desperate attempt fell short at the
Battle of the Bulge
•Allies began to liberate the death camps of the
Holocaust
•Then the Soviet army stormed Berlin
•Rather than surrender his capital city, Hitler
committed suicide
•ALLIES CELEBRATE V-E DAY (Victory in Europe)
•May 8, 1945
•Hitler & Germany have been defeated, is the war
over now?
FDR Dies and Truman
Becomes President
•On April 12, 1945 FDR
died at the Little White
House in Warm Springs,
Georgia.
•On the same day Harry
S. Truman is sworn in as
President of the Unites
States.
The Atomic Bomb
• The MANHATTAN PROJECT
• TOP SECRET project led by J. Robert Oppenheimer to
develop an atomic bomb in LOS ALAMOS, New
Mexico
• Hiroshima (August 6, 1945)
• Nagasaki (August 9, 1945)
• Surrender finally comes on August
14th 1945. The war officially ends on
September 2, 1945.
• Why drop these bombs?
Hiroshima:
150,000+ casualties
Nagasaki:
75,000+ casualties
Economic and Political Implications of
Dropping the Atomic Bomb
• General Douglas MacArthur leads US occupation and
reconstruction of Japan
• Nuclear Power could also be used for new domestic
technologies
• Soviet Union was deeply offended we didn’t tell them
about the atomic bomb testing
• Couldn’t we trust them? Were we trying to send a
message of strength to them?
• President Harry S. Truman’s war reputation is
emboldened as America celebrates V-J Day (Victory of
Japan)
• Wait a second, where did President Truman come from? I
thought FDR was the president that took us into WWII…
Levittown
•There is a baby boom following WWII
•Americans had saved up tons of money and
the economy is BOOMING
•The 1950s will be an era of conformity
•Everyone looking to be the same, do the
same
•Levittown, NY and then Levittown, PA
•Planned suburbs for the new American
family
Truman Integrates The Military
• President Harry Truman
• “I am asking for equality of opportunity for all human
beings, and if that ends up in my failure to be
reelected, that failure will be in good cause.”
• In 1948 ordered integration of armed forces and an
end of discrimination in government hiring practices
• Could this kind of move cost Harry Truman his hopes
of reelection in 1948?
Interstate Highway Act 1956
•President Dwight D. Eisenhower (elected 1952)
•40,000 miles of highways in 10 years makes it
the largest public project in American history
to that time
•To connect the nation, coast to coast
•To grow urban American outward into
suburbs
•Boost to oil company?
Boost to automobile industry?