Transcript Unit 10 Power Point Notes

Complete the Guided Reading as you view the Power
Point.
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Objective 10.01: Elaborate on the causes of
World War II and reasons for the United
States’ entry into the war.
Essential Questions:
• What factors combined to draw the world and
ultimately the U. S. into World War II?
• Was US involvement in the World War II
inevitable?
• Were the reasons for the US’s entry into the
World War II justifiable?
Causes of
World War II
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After WWI Europe suffered effects from a
worldwide depression
People got angry in all nations and began to voice
their opinions
Totalitarian governments began to rise to power
Totalitarian: government where personal freedoms
are restricted and political opposition is prohibited
Why is it important?
Germany: Adolf Hitler took power
Italy: Benito Mussolini took power
◦ Supported fascism: government where the state is more
important than the people- controls economy, suppresses
opposition, and has a dictator
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Mussolini wanted to build an Italian empire like
the ancient Romans
He planned to do it through strict government
controls and a strong military
He was supported by people who feared the
spread of Communism
1922 Italy’s Constitutional Monarchy was in
trouble
Why is it important?
Mussolini took control as a dictator and
eliminated his political opposition
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Germany was blamed for WWI
This caused the country great embarrassment and
anger
Adolf Hitler took advantage of people’s fears and
anger and convinced the people of Germany that if
given the chance he could restore Germany to the
great power it was before WWI and take revenge
on those that had hurt Germany
Hitler blamed Jews, the betrayal of the German
Republic, and Germany’s enemies in WWI for the
nation’s troubles
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Why is it important?
1933 Hitler and the Nazis took power
Disposed of all opposition
Called himself the Fuhrer (leader)
Called his new government the Third Reich
Envisioned a German empire that would rule the
world
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Japan gave suffrage to males and elected
Emperor Hirohito
Japan suffered from the worldwide depression
after WWI
As an island it had limited natural resources
Leaders saw territorial expansion as the
answer to gaining more resources
1931 Japan’s army occupied the Chinese
province of Manchuria
Japan’s democratic government divided and
later collapsed- military leaders took control
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To continue the policy of isolationism the U.S.
signed the Kellogg-Brand Pact: promised to
negotiate rather than go to war over future
conflicts- signed by more than 60 countries
Problem: no way to enforce the Pact
Germany, Italy, and Japan disregarded the
Pact and invaded other countries
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1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia
League of Nations condemned the invasion
League imposed economic sanctions on Italy(economic penalties)
Hitler offered to help Italy
Why is it important?
The League didn’t force Italy out of Africa
Germany and Italy were now partners
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1936 Hitler moved his troops into the Rhineland in
direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles
Britain and France did nothing to stop him because
they were trying to avoid another war
March 1938 Hitler annexed Austria into Germany
Again no countries tried to stop him
September 1938 Hitler demanded to annex the
western region of Czechoslovakia called the
Sudetenland because 3.5 million Germans lived
there
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British Prime Minister: Neville Chamberlain
Britain and France chose to follow a policy of
appeasement when dealing with Germany’s
actions
Appeasement: policy of giving into an
aggressors demands in hopes that he/she will
become satisfied and future conflicts will be
avoided
Great Britain and France signed the Munich
Pact allowing Germany to take the Sudetenland
Hitler agreed not to take over anymore land
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Why is it important?
Britain and France believed Hitler
Chamberlain’s opponent in the British
Parliament, Winston Churchill, disagreed with
the Munich Pact
Churchill said it would lead to war
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Hitler signed the Munich Pact “with his fingers
crossed”- already had plans to invade and conquer
the Soviet Union
Hitler wanted the Soviet territory as lebensraum:
living space
He wanted to expand the German territory for the
empire he was planning to build
Hitler learned from WWI that fighting the Russian
on the East and the French on the West would be
costly
1939 he signed a Non-Aggression Pact with the
Soviet leader Joseph Stalin
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Why is it important?
Germany and the Soviet Union agreed not to
invade to attack each other
Hitler hoped this would give him time to invade
France
Stalin knew Hitler would not keep his promise,
but he hoped the pact would give him time to
prepare for a German invasion
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After Japan invaded Manchuria the League of
nations demanded they withdraw
Japan instead withdrew from the League of
Nations
The League could not stop international
aggression so China agreed to sign a treaty
with Japan that gave them Manchuria
1937 Japan began trying to take the rest of
China
1938 Japan had captured all the major cities
of the Chinese coast
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1940 Germany, Italy, and Japan became
allies with one another and formed the
Axis Powers
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The U.S. continued to practice isolationism:
policy to keep the nation out of international
disputes
Due to the devastation of WWI and the Great
Depression most people in the U.S. wanted the
government of stay out of foreign affairs and
concentrate on the people of this nation
1935 Congress passed the Neutrality Act:
prohibited the selling of weapons to warring
nations
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President Roosevelt (FDR) knew the danger of
aggressive nations and the threat they posed
to the U.S.
1937 FDR gave his Quarantine Speech: called
for economic and diplomatic sanctions against
aggressive nations
Although we were neutral this meant we would
be taking actions against other nations
Strong believers in isolationism disagreed with
the speech because they saw it as a way for
FDR to take sides against Germany and Italy
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Objective 10.02: Identify military, political, and
diplomatic turning points of the war and determine
their significance to the outcome and
aftermath of the conflict.
Essential Questions:
• To what extent did the military, political, and
diplomatic turning points of World War II determine
the outcome and aftermath of the
war?
• How were America and the world different because of
the events of World War II?
• What changes to society resulted from the treatment
of various groups of people during World War II?
The World
Goes to War
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Hitler broke his promise of the Munich Pact and
invaded Czechoslovakia
September 1, 1939 Hitler invaded Poland
Hitler invaded by using the tactic of blitzkrieg:
lightening warfare
In less than a month most of Poland was under Nazi
control
Germany and the Soviet Union secretly agreed in
the Non-Aggression Pact to invade Poland
together
Stalin and the Soviet Union invaded Poland from
the east and controlled the other half
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Why is it important?
Great Britain and France told Poland they would
come to their defense if Germany attacked
September 3, 1939 Great Britain and France
declared war on Germany
World War II had begun in Europe!!!
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May 1940 Chamberlain resigned from office
Winston Churchill became the new British Prime
Minister
Germany quickly moved toward France capturing
countries in its path
June 1914 France surrendered to Germany
Hitler forced France to sign a treaty that gave
control of half of France to Germany and control of
the other half to a French Pro-German government
To humiliate France as payback for WWI, Hitler
forced France to sign the agreement in the same
train car used to sign the Treaty of Versailles
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Originally Hitler did not want a war with great
Britain because he did not need the territory
to achieve his “living space” for his new empire
When he realized Britain would not make peace
with Germany, Hitler to try to defeat them too
At this point Britain was alone to fight
Germany with France defeated, and the U.S.
isolated
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Hitler planned to destroy Britain’s Royal Air Force
before he crossed the English Channel to invade
Britain
Battle of Britain: thousands of German planes
bombed British airfields and cities nightly from
July to October
Although their cities were bombed every night
Churchill led the nation to stand strong against the
attacks and continue to live their lives
The Royal Air Force held off the German invasion
Why is it important?
Proved Hitler could be defeated
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Battle of Britain
Keep Calm and Carry On
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1940 FDR was elected to a 3rd term as president
FDR knew the U.S. couldn’t stay neutral for much
longer
March 1941 Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act:
allowed the president to send aid to any nation who
defense was believed to be important to the
security of the U.S
August 1941 FDR met with Prime Minister Chruchill
to write the Atlantic Charter: agreement on
common principles aimed at guaranteeing the
freedom and welfare of countries after the war
◦ Eventually served as the foundation of the United Nations
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The U.S. imposed an embargo on Japan and
refused to ship oil and steel
Japan decided to take what they needed by
force
After conquering Manchuria and much of China
General Tojo Hidcki decided to take the
natural resources from Southeast Asia and
the Dutch East Indies
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The U.S. had a naval fleet (ships) stationed at
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Admiral Yamamoto of Japan developed a plan to
attack the U.S. naval fleet by surprise
The U.S. knew Japan had a plan to attack, they just
didn’t know where- they thought it would be in the
Philippines, not Hawaii
Japan attacked Pearl harbor Hawaii at 8:00
a.m. Sunday December 7, 1941
In less than 2 hours Japan had sunk over 12 ship
and warplanes
Over 3,000 people were killed
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Why is it important?
President Roosevelt described it as “a day that
will live in infamy…”
Congress approved a declaration of war on
December 8, 1941
The U.S. was now in World War II
British Prime Minister Churchill was excited we
joined the War
Japanese Admiral Yamamoto was afraid they
had “awakened a sleeping giant”
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FDR declared 4 Freedoms he believed to be
essential and reasons the U.S. would be
fighting in WWII
1. Freedom of Speech and Expression
2. Freedom of every person to worship God
in his own way
3. Freedom from Want
4. Freedom from Fear
Major
Military, Political,
and Diplomatic
Turning Points of the
War
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Three days after Pearl harbor Germany and
Italy declared war on the U.S.
Germany had attacked the Soviet Union
Stalin wanted the U.S. and Britain to attack
Germany in France to force Germany to divide
its attention between two fronts (Soviet Union
on the East and France on the West)
FDR and Churchill did not think the Allies were
ready to defend France so they focused their
attention on North Africa
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North Africa was important because the Allies
wanted to be able to use the Suez Canal to
transport ships, soldiers, and supplies
Allies: nations opposed to the Axis Powers of
Germany, Japan, and Italy
Operation Torch: invasion by the Allies
intended to drive the Axis Powers off the
continent of Africa
General Erwin Rommel: commander of Allied
troops in Africa, nicknamed the Desert Fox
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Why is it important?
◦ Axis forces surrendered in Africa
◦ Showed all countries involved that the Allies had a
very good chance to win WWII
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Picture of African and the Suez Canal
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Casablanca, Morocco: location of meeting
between FDR, and Churchill to discuss the
Allies next moves in WWII
Decided to invade Italy and attack Japan
Why is it important:
Decided to accept nothing less than
unconditional surrender: the winner would set
all the conditions of the surrender and the
loser would have no voice
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George S. Patton led the Allies into Sicily and
arrested the Italian monarch and Mussolini
The Allies then moved into the Italian mainland
It took the Allies a very long time to fully
capture Italy from the Axis Powers
The U.S. lost 190,000 soldiers in the fight for
Italy
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Picture of Italy
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June 1941 Hitler attacked the Soviet Union
As the Germans invaded the soldiers raped
women, burned homes, and executed large
numbers of civilians (people not in the military)
The Soviet Red Army took a stand at the city
of Stalingrad (named after Stalin)
Hitler wanted to capture the city as symbol of
Soviet defeat
Stalin wanted to save the city as a symbol of
national pride
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The Germans attacked Stalingrad with all their force
The Soviets held off the Germans and defended
Stalingrad until the harsh Russian winter began
Why is it important?
The Soviets used the winter weather to their advantage
The Soviets forced 90,000 German soldiers to
surrender
The Soviets saved the city, forced the Germans back,
and changed the course of the war in Europe
forever- if the Germans had won Stalingrad, the war
may have had a different outcome
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FDR, Churchill, Stalin met at the Tehran
Conference and agreed to…
◦ Open a second front in France to help take some
German pressure off of the Soviet Union
◦ Dwight D. Eisenhower was made Supreme Allied
Commander of Operation Overlord- the invasion of
Normandy to liberate France
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D-Day: June 6, 1944: first day of Operation
Overlord
Allies were able to liberate France from
German occupation in August 1944
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The Allies were able to continue fighting
because they used airdrops to get supplies to
soldiers
Airdrops: planes would drop food, weapons,
tanks, and artillery down to soldiers on the
ground so they could keep fighting and stay
strong
Airdrops were also used to drop propaganda
pamphlets to try to convince the enemy to join
the Allies
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From France the Allies began to move toward
Germany
Battle of the Bulge: As the Allies marched
toward Germany, Hitler tried to divide the
Allied forces in half to reduce their strength
and power
General Patton led the Allies to defeat the
Germans in the Battle of the Bulge
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February 1945 the Big Three: FDR, Churchill, and
Stalin met at the Yalta Conference to discuss
their military strategy and after war policies
◦ Stalin agreed to declare war on Japan after Germany was
defeated
◦ Stalin agreed to allow democratic elections in Eastern
European countries freed from German occupation
◦ FDR and Churchill agreed to let Stalin have some of Poland
and Japanese held islands in China
◦ Soviet Union was to receive half of the war reparations
from Germany as payback for the large number of Soviet
casualties in WWII
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These decisions were written in the Yalta
Declaration
◦ Included a provision to divide Germany into 4 zones
after the war to be controlled by the U.S., Britain,
France, and the USSR (Soviet Union)
◦ Agreed to establish a United Nations as a permanent
peace-keeping organization
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Churchill wanted Eisenhower to get his troops to Berlin,
Germany before the Soviets because he didn’t trust
Stalin
That didn’t happen
The western Allies joined the Soviet troops about 100
miles away from Berlin
Why is it important?
Hitler committed suicide April 30, 1945
Germany surrendered unconditionally
The war in Europe was over
May 8, 1945 was celebrated as Victory in Europe Day
(V-E Day)
President Roosevelt died April 12, 1945 before
WWII ended
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Within hours of the attack on Pearl harbor the
Japanese attacked the U.S. airbase in the
Philippines and destroyed half of the U.S.
planes
The Japanese took control of the Philippines
The only good news to the U.S. was that the
aircraft carriers were not destroyed at Pearl
harbor and were still functioning and ready for
battle
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Map of the Pacific
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Japanese Admiral Yamamoto knew he needed to destroy
the remainder of the U.S. ships to win WWII
The Island of Midway was key to victory for either
side: it was key to preventing an invasion of Hawaii
June 1942 Battle of Midway: the U.S. was able to
surprise the Japanese and attack their big aircraft
carriers as they prepared for an offensive strike
against the U.S.
Why is it important?
It was a turning point in WWII
The Japanese were now on the defensive
Was the last time the Japanese had an offensive
position In WWII
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After Midway the U.S. was on the offensive in
the Pacific
The U.S. decided to attack Japan from two
directions (two prongs)
◦ Across the central Pacific
◦ From the South to retake control of the Philippines
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The U.S. used a tactic called island hoping:
they attacked and conquered one group of
islands then moved on to the next on their way
to Japan
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In the South, General MacArthur returned to the
Philippines and liberated them from Japanese
control
Across central Pacific the U.S. won key battles at
Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa
Guadalcanal : first U.S. offensive operation in the
pacific, marines fought jungle warfare
Iwo Jima: bloodiest battle of WWII- 100,00 U.S.
soldiers died
Okinawa: bloody battle- U.S. and Britain won the
island and removed the last obstacle between the
Allies and Japan
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Picture of Marines raising flag on Iwo Jima
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The capture of Okinawa cleared the way for an
invasion of Japan- but it never happened
The U.S. had developed an Atomic Bomb under the
secret name the Manhattan project
Scientists tested the atomic bomb in New Mexicoit blew out windows 125 miles away
President Truman met with Churchill and Stalin at
the Potsdam Conference: the three discussed
postwar policies and created the Potsdam
Declaration: allied leaders restated their policy of
unconditional surrender for Japan
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Japan refused to surrender without conditions to
protect the Emperor
In response to their demands President Truman
authorized the use of the atomic bomb on Japan
August 6, 1945 a bomber plane called the Enola Gay
dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japanthousands died immediately- later many died from
radiation poisoning
August 8, 1945 the Soviet Union declared war on
Japan and invaded Manchuria
August 9, 1945 the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on
Nagasaki, Japan
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Why is it important?
August 14, 1945 Japan surrendered
WWII was OVER!!!
Truman defended his choice to use an atomic
bomb on Japan instead of an invasion- he
believed an invasion of Japan would have cost
the lives of thousands of Allied soldiers
Japan was allowed to keep their emperor
The
Aftermath of
World War II
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Hitler blamed the Jews for the problems in
Germany before WWII- and the German people
believed him!!!
Nazis made laws and policies that discriminated
against Jewish people
Hitler eventually began the Final Solution: his plan
to exterminate all Jews through mass genocidemurder of a race of people
Jews were rounded up, separated from their
families and either killed or sent to work in
concentration camps where they were either killed
immediately or forced to work- most workers died
of starvation or disease
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Allied soldiers found gas chambers, ovens,
and mass graves in concentration camps
Holocaust: the mass killing of over 6 million
Jews and 6 million other “inferiors”
The Nuremburg Trials were held after WWII
to prosecute 24 Nazi leaders for “crimes
against humanity”
◦ 12 were sentenced to death
◦ 12 were sent to prison
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The greatest change from WWII was the use of
nuclear weapons (atomic bomb)
The use of the atomic bomb changed how all wars in the
future would be fought
President Truman was leader of democracy and
capitalism
Stalin was a dictator and believed in communism
Why is this important?
President Truman and Stalin never trusted each other
They saw each other as enemies even though they were
allies in WWII
Both men wanted to be more powerful than the other
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Objective 10.03: Describe and analyze the
effects of the war on American economic,
social, political, and cultural life.
Essential Questions:
• How and why did World War II impact the
economic, social, cultural, and political life of the
U.S.?
• How did the war bring about innovation and
change on the home front?
• How are civil liberties challenged during times of
conflict?
• Should civil liberties be denied during a time of
war?
Effects of the
War
on the U.S.
at Home
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WWII had an effect on the nation in many
ways:
The Selective Service Act: began our first
peacetime draft in 1940 before we were
involved in WWII
When Pearl harbor was bombed we drafted
young men to fight
Others volunteered to join the military and
defend the nation
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Women and minorities served in WWII along with
white men
Women’s Army Corp (WAC): branch of military
for women in the army- largest of all branches for
women
Women also served in other branches of the
military but were not allowed in combat
Over 275,000 women served in the military
Women also served their country at home in
America by filling in for men who had gone to war
at home (farming and being single parents) and at
work
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1 million African Americans volunteered and
were drafted for WWII
At first they were not allowed in combat
At the war progressed and the need for their
skills became evident, African Americans were
allowed to fight for their country
Tuskegee Airmen: all black squadron of fighter
pilots- they successfully protected every
bomber plane they escorted during WWII
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Movie Clip from Tuskegee Airmen
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Native Americans served in the military as well
The Marines made a code for communicating
based on the Navajo language that the
Japanese were unable to break
Code Talkers: 300 Navajo marines who served
as radio operators during the war with Japan
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Japanese Americans were not allowed into the
military until 1943
442nd: unit of Japanese American fightersbecame the most decorated unit in U.S. History
While these soldiers were sacrificing their
lives for America, back at home in the U.S.
their families were being discriminated against
for their heritage
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The government knew it needed to maintain
strong public support for the war effort
Without public support the war would fail
To keep patriotism and morale up for the war
the government encouraged propaganda:
◦ paid artists to create War Posters
◦ Movie theaters played newsreels (recordings) of
positive images of the war
◦ Patriotic ads were put in magazines and played on the
radio
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When the U.S. went to war we had to switch
from a peacetime economy to a wartime
economy
To oversee this transition President Roosevelt
established the War Production Board:
redirected raw materials and resources from
production of civilian goods to the production
of materials needed for fight a war
◦ Nylon was used for parachutes- not pantyhose
◦ Rubber was used for jeeps and tanks not cars
◦ Food was rationed at home for soldiers to eat
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To help keep the country running women took
over jobs traditionally held by men to support
the war efforts at home
These women were given the nickname Rosie
the Riveter based on a song about a woman who
worked in a factory while her boyfriend fought
in WWII as a Marine
Rosie the Riveter
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To help the government have enough money and
resources to pay for the war American citizens had to
make tremendous sacrifices
The government began to make employers withhold
income taxes from employees paychecks and give the
money directly to the government
The government sold war bonds to raise money
People grew victory gardens in their yards to grow their
own food so farmers could feed the soldiers
The government forced people to ration products to
save supplies for soldiers- each person got a number of
points- once you used your points you couldn’t buy more
of that product until you earned more points
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After the attack on Pearl Harbor Americans
became suspicious of Japanese Americans even
though they were citizens of this country
1942 President Roosevelt gave an Executive
Order that forced all Japanese Americans to
move away from military facilities
The U.S. military forced 110,000 Japanese
Americans to leave their homes, schools, and
businesses and placed them in internment
camps located in remote areas owned by the
federal government
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Why is it important?
Many Japanese Americans lost everything they had
worked to earn for generations
Fred Korematsu, a Japanese American, sued the
government for violating his civil rights by placing him in
an internment camp
Korematus v. United States: Supreme Court ruled
internment camps are legal in times of military urgency
Japanese American Museum: dedicated to the
contributions Japanese Americans have made to the
U.S.
The U.S. government didn’t acknowledge the
mistreatment of Japanese Americans until the 1980’s
Post War Culture
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As more workers entered the workforce during
the war, more people joined unions
Workers increased their use of strikes for
higher pay and better working conditions as the
cost of living in creased
Many times the government had to get involved
to resolve strikes
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After WWII the Democrats were blamed for all
the union strikes because they supported unions
As a result, Republicans won the majority of seats
in Congress in 1946
This was seen as a demand for the Congress to
stop the actions against unions
Taft-Hartley Act: allowed for collective
bargaining, ended the use of closed shops, and gave
workers freedom to choose to refuse to join a
union, employers could also sue for damages
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Automation: using machines to make products
As machines replaced workers unions had to
help workers fight to keep their jobs and not
be replaced
From this uncertain time for workers a new
force for labor grew AFL-CIO: merger of the
American federation of Labor and the Congress
of Industrial Organizations- represented more
than 15 million workers
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Increases in production during the war meant more
African Americans could find work in northern
factories
Northern Migration: period when more than 2
million southern African Americans moved north
for jobs
Surprisingly most continued to face racism and
discrimination housing and wages
Some Northern white people thought black people
were taking their jobs and used violence against
them
34 people died in a race riot in Detroit 1943
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Democrat Harry Truman was elected president
in 1948 (he had been appointed president after
FDR died in 1945)
Fair Deal: Truman’s plan to help the nationincluded social reforms
◦ Extended Social Security benefits
◦ Increased minimum wage
◦ Appropriated funds for low income housing
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To help veteran retuning from war assimilate
into society Congress passed the G.I. Bill:
provided military veterans with benefits like
job priority, money for education and training,
and homes, and housing
This helped create the new Middle Class:
people whose income is not considered rich or
poor
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To help house the Middle Class William Levitt
began building mass produced housed
Whole neighborhoods could be produced in a
week- called Levittowns
Why is it important?
GI Bill meant soldiers could afford loans, and
buy houses
Regular people could also afford to own their
own home
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Baby Boom: after the war spouses were
reunited and couples got married and almost all
of them had babies
Baby Boomers: generation of people born
during the baby boom of the late 40’s and early
50’s
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Objective 10.04: Elaborate on changes in the
direction of foreign policy related to the beginning
of the Cold War.
Essential Questions:
• How did the events of World War II help facilitate
the onset of the Cold War and influence American
foreign policy throughout most of
the 20th century?
• To what extent was America’s decision to drop the
atomic bomb a viable option to end the war in the
Pacific?
• What impact did World War II have on the economic,
social, cultural, and political life of the United States?
Birth of the
Cold War
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After WWII Great Britain and the U.S. did
not trust the Soviet Union
The U.S. and Great Britain did not feel the
Allies should control territory gained in the war
The Soviets had lost over 1 millions soldiers and
much of their land was destroyed- they wanted
to make sure they had a big buffer between
them and other countries so they could not ne
invaded again
Stalin wanted to control Eastern Europe for
protection against invasion
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Stalin broke his promise to help rebuild
Germany and allow free elections in Poland
Stalin set up Communist governments in
Germany and Poland that answered to him
He used force to stop any and all opposition to
his leadership in his territories
Europe was divided between western
democracies and eastern communism
Churchill called the dividing line between the
west and east and iron curtain
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George Kennan recommended the U.S. and its
allies use Containment to stop the spread of
communism- he believed their was no hope in
removing it from the eastern half of Europe,
but it could be kept out of the west
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Truman believed to stop the spread of Communism
the U.S. needed to give money to help countries
like Germany rebuild after the war
He also believed we needed to establish
democratic governments in these nations to give
the people a voice
1947 Truman Doctrine: supported containment, and
said the U.S. would not hesitate to intervene and
aid nations overseas to resist communism
It contained a financial plan to support the program
created by George Marshall
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Marshall Plan: gave money to European nations
hurt by WWII
Helped to support their economies and stop the
suffering of the people
Why is it important?
The Marshall Plan helped to stop the spread of
Communism
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After WWII the Allies divided Germany among
themselves
Portions went to the U.S., Britain, France and
USSR
Berlin, the German capital, was also divided- west
to the western Allies and the east to the eastern
Soviets
The western allies hoped to unify all of GermanyStalin said “No”
The western allies unified west Germany into the
Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)
The Soviet Union established the east as German
Democratic Republic under communist rule
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Thousands of people fled to West Germany to
escape communism
Stalin blockaded West Berlin to stop people
from leaving
Truman began the Berlin Airlift: for 15 months
U.S. and British planes delivered needed
supplies to West Berlin- the Soviets eventually
gave up but the Cold War had begun
Cold War: tensions between the U.S. and
Soviets that could lead to war
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Before the Japanese invaded China they were
led by Nationalist Chiang Kai-shek
The Nationalists and Communists fought a civil
war, but united against Japan
After the war they began to fight again
The U.S. supported the Nationalists and sent
them money for support
The Soviets sent money to the communists led
by Mao Tse-tung
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Why is it important?
Communist took over China by 1949
Nationalists fled to Taiwan
The U.S. did not recognize communist China- we
insisted the government of Chiang was the
official government of China
Mao’s communist China was not recognized by
the United Nations
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After the Holocaust Jews wanted to establish a
homeland in Palestine
Zionist Movement: Jews that supported creating
an independent Jewish state
1948 the United Nations established part of
Palestine as Israel, an independent Jewish nation
President Truman supported Israel
Arabs were angry part of Palestine was given to
Jews
The U.S. supported the Jews, and the Soviets
supported the Arabs
Today the fight between the Jews and Arabs
continues
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Korea was liberated from the Japanese in WWII
by the U.S. and the Soviets
After the war Korea was divided between Soviet
North and Democratic South
1950 North Korea invaded South Korea at the 38th
Parallel and began the Korean War
Although it was called a war it was a United
Nation’s police action to try to remove the North
from the South
In the end neither side won and the country
remained divided as it was before the war (police
action)
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Nuclear Arms Race: competition between the
U.S. and the Soviet Union to build an develop
nuclear weapons
The U.S. built an Hydrogen Bomb: (H-bomb):
one thousand times more powerful than an
atomic bomb
By 1964 USSR, Britain, France, and China all
had H-bombs
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Dwight Eisenhower became president in 1952
Eisenhower feared the Domino Theory that if one
nation fell to communism the surrounding nations
would fall too
1957 he introduced the Eisenhower Doctrine:
policy stated the U.S. would not hesitate to aid any
country in the Middle East that asked for help to
fight communism
Eisenhower sent troops to Lebanon to help them
resist communist rebels
He also met with the new leader of the Soviet
Union to negotiate the issue of nuclear weapons
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Nikita Khrushchev: leader of Soviet Union after
the death of Stalin
Met with Eisenhower in the U.S. to discuss the
number of people escaping East Berlin to the West
Khrushchev wanted it to stop but the U.S. said we
would not leave West Germany
Problem:
U-2 Incident: A U.S. U-2 spy plane was shot down
over the Soviet Union- when Eisenhower admitted
it was ours the Soviets were furious and the two
men never negotiated again
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Fidel Castro took control of the Cuban
government in 1959
He killed over 700 of his opposition and jailed
even more
His government took control of the land and
property in Cuba
Castro took U.S. property in Cuba and was a
supporter of communism
Eisenhower did not support Castro
Castro allied with the Soviet Union
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The CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) began
to train anti-Castro Cuban exiles to invade Cuba
and overthrow Castro
1961 President Kennedy approved the invasion
of the Bay of Pigs in Cuba
The whole invasion was a failure and an
embarrassment to President Kennedy and the
U.S.
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Tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union
continued to increase
President Kennedy said the U.S. would go to
war of it had to in order to defend Berlin
Berlin Wall: Khrushchev responded by building
a wall that separated Communist East Berlin
and Democratic West Berlin
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Picture of Berlin Wall
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Castro allowed the Soviets to put nuclear
weapons on Cuba as a threat to the U.S.
Cuba is only 90 miles form the coast of Florida
President Kennedy responded by imposing a
blockade of Cuba
This began the Cuban Missile Crisis
For 13 days the world watched and waited to
see what would happen between the U.S. and
the Soviet Union- would they go to war?????
Khrushchev removed the missiles and the U.S.
promised not to invade Cuba
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Why is it important?
Both countries realized they didn’t want to go
to war
Kennedy and Khrushchev met with the British
Prime Minister in Moscow to sign a test-ban
treaty: to limit nuclear testing
The treaty also created a hotline between the
White House and the Kremlin to prevent an
accidental war
Hotline: emergency line of communication
Kremlin: center of the Soviet government
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1880’s France established a colony in Vietnam
After WWII Vietnamese Nationalists fought for
independence from France
Eisenhower viewed the Nationalists as communists
He feared the Domino Theory would happen if
Vietnam fell to communism
Geneva Accords: agreement made at a conference
in Geneva, Switzerland to divide Vietnam into two
nations- communist North and a pro-U.S. South
The country would be divided at the 17th parallel
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Objective 10.05: Assess the role of
organizations established to maintain peace
and examine their continuing effectiveness.
Essential Questions:
• How effective have organizations been in
maintaining peace in the world?
• How has the status of being a superpower
affected the relations between the U.S. and
other nations?
• To what degree have peace-keeping
organizations been successful in their purpose?
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The Cold war divided the world in half between
friends of the U.S. and friends of the Soviets
To avoid conflict the United Nations was created
to provide a place for countries to negotiate and
avoid war
Within the UN was created a Security Council: to
investigate disputes with the authority to
authorize military action
◦ 5 permanent member countries:
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U.S.
Soviet Union
France
China
Great Britain
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1949 during the Berlin Airlift the U.S. signed
the North Atlantic Treaty with Canada and
other European nations to defend each other if
one was attacked
◦ Provided collective security
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Formed NATO: North Atlantic Treaty
Organization to provide a combined military
force if the nations were attacked
Other nations eventually joined NATO
Warsaw Pact: Soviet response to NATO,
united communist countries in Eastern Europe
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The U.S. tried to prevent the spread of communism
all around the world
South Asia Treaty Organization: formed to
prevent the spread of communism
Did not require countries to defend each other if
attacked
Organization of American States: meant to create
cooperation and prevent Latin American nations
from becoming communist
Alliance for Progress: created to give financial
assistance to Latin American countries to stop the
spread of communism