Transcript File

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World War II
Up to and including 1939
• Treaty of Versailles
• Punishes Germany with reparations, extreme
poverty causes resentment to Great Britain and
France. Opens the door for a radical leader.
Hitler = totalitarian.
• Uses Jews as scapegoat for all of Germany’s
woes. Social Democrats in power prior to Hitler
composed of many Jews, and blamed for
Germany’s conditions.
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Aggression: Mussolini and Hitler
• Italy-expands into Albania and Ethiopia, already
possesses Libya, Eritrea, and Somaliland,
Sardinia, Sicily
• Germany- Saar (1935)Rhineland(1936)
Sudetenland(1938), Austria(1938),
Czechoslovakia(1939) and Poland(1939)
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Japanese Aggression: Hirohito
• In September of 1931,
Japan invades and takes
over Manchuria, in
northern China.
• The move was a violation
of the Kellogg-Briand Pact
of 1928 (signed by Japan)
• Despite cries of protest
from China, the League of
Nations accepted Japan’s
reasoning of self-defense
for the aggression.
• US reaction- ends arms
agreement
• Japanese look at end of
pact as threat to national
security….OIL involved.
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HITLER’S
WWII
PARTNERS
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India
Brazil
THE ALLIED
POWERS
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US and Isolationism
• Isolationism-remaining out of
foreign affairs.
• Patch up relations with Latin
America
• Tydings-McDuffie Act gives
independence to Phillipines (to
not upset JP)
• Neutrality Act of 1936 -stops
sending arms to nations at war
• US refuses to join the World
Court in the League of Nations
• Neutrality Act of 1937 changes arms sales to “cash
and carry”
We are not
looking to
fight!
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When cautioned not to
anger European powers,
Hitler responded:
“They’ll never act. They’ll just
protest. And they will always
be too late.”
Sadly, Hitler was right. Not
only Europe, but the
world responded much to
late to the aggression and
violence of Hitler. The
“isolationist” and “neutral”
attitude of the world led to
the deaths of millions and
a full scale world war that
may have been
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prevented.
The Painful Lesson
• Great Britain, France, Italy, and Germany meet in
Munich on September 28, 1938.
• Hitler has been aggressive in taking land west of
Germany
• GB and FR try to appease Hitler by agreeing to the
dismembering of democratic Czechoslovakia, in hopes
that Hitler would cease.
• “agreement” is a failure.
• Hitler invades the “demilitarized” Czechoslovakia and
promptly breaks Munich Pact
• By the end of 1939 both Hitler and Mussolini had
conquered more territory in Europe and made plans for
further wars.
• Becomes famous as the “Lesson of Munich”
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Troubling Agreements
• In order to continue on his
quest to dominate Europe,
Hitler knew he must avoid war
with the Soviet Union.
• Hitler and Stalin (Soviet Union)
sign Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
in 1939
• GE gets western Poland
(prevents 2-sided war)
• SU gets eastern Poland,
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,
Bessarabia (creates buffer
against GE invasion)
• What is the overwhelming
consequence of European
appeasement to both Hitler
and Mussolini?
Why does Russia sign
this non-aggressive pact
with Germany?
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September 1st, 1939
Germany invades
Poland officially
beginning World War II
• On September 1, 1939
Hitler launched a full-scale
invasion of Poland.
• Britain and France
declared war on Germany
and WWII had begun.
• Germany and the Soviet
Union divided Poland into
two zones.
• One month later Germany
invaded France
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HITLER INVADES POLAND:SEPTEMBER 1, 1939
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MILITARY STRENGTH COMPARSION BETWEEN
GERMANY AND POLAND IN 1939
MILITARY UNIT
GERMANY
POLAND
INFANTRY
DIVISIONS
46
38
MOTORIZED
DIVISIONS
4¾
11 CALVALRY
BRIGADES(HORSES)
TANK DIVISIONS
7
3200
NONE
600
BOMBERS
1176
146
FIGHTERS
771
315
OTHER PLANES
1337
381
TANKS
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US reaction to Europe
• FDR passes
Neutrality Act of
1939- repealing arms
embargo.
• Neutrality becomes
heavily debated in the
United States.
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German Victories
• April 9, 1940- Germans
ended their lull in
fighting by taking over
all of Denmark in a
matter of HOURS!
• May-June, 1940Germany invaded and
captured Belgium, the
Netherlands and
France. Although there
was some resistance
from British and French
forces, they were no
match for the Nazi
army.
World War
II
1940
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Britain
Who’s Next?
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Changing of the Guard
• Britain now stood alone.
Chamberlain resigned and
Winston Churchill became
prime minister. Churchill
would have nothing to do with
appeasement. He promised
to stand up to German and
Italian aggression no matter
what the cost!
• With a new prime minister
acting in Britain, public
opinion began to shift in the
United States. The Congress
allocated over $17 billion to
Great Britain and made a
deal with Britain to provide
them with destroyers.
What made Churchill
different from other
leaders around the
world at this time?
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A Third Term for Roosevelt
• Americans were surprised that
Roosevelt decided to run for a
third term and break the tradition
begun by George Washington.
He gave two reasons for running
again: experienced leadership
and knowledge of European
leaders. Although he faced
opposition early on, he won the
Democratic nomination and won
the election with 54% of the
popular vote.
What are the possible negative outcomes of breaking such a
long tradition? Do you think FDR should have run for a third
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term? Why or Why not?
World War II
1941
• Speaking to the World
• January 6, 1941-Four Freedoms
Speech
• FDR’s Four Freedoms to be
guaranteed to the entire world.
1.Speech
2.Religion
3.Want
4.Fear
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“…Since the beginning of
our American history, we
have been engaged in
change -- in a perpetual
peaceful revolution -- a
revolution which goes on
steadily, quietly adjusting
itself to changing
conditions -- without the
concentration camp or
the quick-lime in the
ditch. The world order
which we seek is the
cooperation of free
countries, working
together in a friendly,
civilized society…”-FDR
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End To Isolationism
• Lend-Lease Act (1941)- This act allowed Roosevelt to
desert “neutrality” to provide war materials to any country
whose security he deemed vital to the defense of the US.
• Roosevelt acted immediately to provide materials to Britain
and Russia (Germany had attacked Russia by surprise in
June 1941, breaking their non-aggression pact)
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Supplies across the Atlantic
• Getting Lend-Lease materials across the
Atlantic proved to be a difficult task.
German submarines or U-Boats sank many
supply ships.
• By July 1941, Roosevelt announced that US
and British warships would accompany
freight ships to help materials cross the
ocean. At first Germany did not respond,
but by October 1941 they had attacked two
American destroyers.
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THE ROBIN MOOR WAS CLEARLY MARKED
AS A MERCHANT VESSEL FROM THE USA
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Alliance with Britain
• Although the US had not declared war on any
nation, it moved steadily closer to siding with
Britain.
• Churchill and Roosevelt met in August 1941 and
made a joint statement known as the Atlantic
Charter. In this statement they agreed that neither
nation would seek territorial gains and proposed
that all aggressing dictators be disarmed. This
dramatically changed a long lasting US foreign
policy.
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Convoys increased the merchant ships
chances of surviving the ocean voyage
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AREA OF GREATEST DANGER FOR ALLIED
MERCHANT SHIPS
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Embargo Against Japan
Japan continued its aggression
against China causing relations to
erode with the US
Japan joined Germany and Italy
in an anti-Soviet treaty.
Despite US warnings to stay out
of Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, and
Cambodia) Japan took control of
the Asian territory.
• Japan wanted the US to stop sending aid to China, and
restore trade with Japan. Diplomatic talks in November
1941 failed, and during the meetings, Japan planned an
attack on the United States.
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•ThePearl
surpriseHarbor
attack
• On December
7, 1941
destroyed
at 7:55 AM, 18
Japanese
warships,
188 the
bombers attacked
aircraft
US
fleet atand
Pearl
killed 2,403
Harbor,
Hawaii.
servicemen
at a Glance
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World War II
1942
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•
BATTLE OF THE
Pacific Dominance
CORAL SEA
MAY
7-8,
The Japanese, after Pearl
Harbor,
showed1942
naval
superiority by crushing enemy fleets and dominating
islands of the South Pacific. The Battle of the Coral
Sea positioned enemies out of sight from one another,
the first battle of its kind in history. The island of
Midway was crucial in the strategy of Japan providing
a point from which to bomb Pearl Harbor, making the
US base useless.
• Because of advantageous decoding by the US,
Japan suffered severe damage in the Battle of
Midway. The United States navy finally turned the
tide in the naval struggle in the war by sinking four
of Japan’s best carriers and downing many aircraft.
The US victory saved Midway, Samoa, and Fiji from
Japanese control.
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MIDWAY
ISLAND
MIDWAY UNDER
ATTACK
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US CARRIER DIVE BOMBERS PREPARE TO
STRIKE JAPANESE CARRIERS AT MIDWAY
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JAPANESE SHIPS SINKING AFTER ATTACKS
BY US DIVE BOMBERS
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USS Enterprise Aircraft carrier
(not at Pearl Harbor during the attack)
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MILITARY STRENGTH AT THE START OF THE WAR IN THE
PACIFIC
Numbers do not include Allied military forces elsewhere in the
world
MILITARY
JAPAN
BATTLESHIPS
10
ALLIED
(US, BRITAIN,
NETHERLANDS)
10
CARRIERS
11
3
CRUISERS
41
37
DESTROYERS
129
93
SUBMARINES
67
70
ARMY
DIVISIONS
51
14
AIRPLANES
4300
1000
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Stepping stone to the Philippines
Guadalcanal, one of the
Solomon islands, was crucial in
allowing Allies access to the
Philippines and eventually a
Japanese invasion.
Hand to hand, jungle combat
was a true test for US Marines
who had lost the support of
supply ships.
The 20,000 Marines finally
defeated the Japanese in a hard
fought battle in February 1943,
and effectively halted the
Japanese island advancements.
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North Africa
• November 8th- Operation Torch was the name given to a
large allied operation landing in North Africa to follow up
the British hold on Axis troops in Egypt.
• General Patton led the allies across the northern coast of
Africa to support the fight against the fierce General
Erwin Rommel, the “desert fox.”
• The eventual dismantling of Rommel’s Afrika Corps led
the Vichy French to side with the Allies and sent a strong
message to Hitler.
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GERMAN GENERAL ROMMEL KNOWN AS THE “DESERT FOX”
FOR HIS BRILLIANT GENERALSHIP IN NORTH AFRICA
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What were the Japanese
trying to accomplish by
establishing Pacific
dominance?
What is the importance
of halting Rommel in
North Africa?
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World War II
1943
• "The defenders of the city used to say
that the streets, avenues and
parks near the Volga became slippery
from blood, and that the Germans
slipped down to their doom."
• General Chuikov
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Hitler’s Eastern Front
• Though the early stages of World War II focused on
Western Europe, Hitler had diverted his attention to
Russia by 1941. The battle of Stalingrad was fought
from August1942 to February of 1943. Against the
advice of his generals, Hitler attacked the Russian city.
• German armies surrounded the city and so the Russians
were trapped and would remain so for several
months. When reinforcements arrived for the Soviets,
they surrounded the Germans and forced them to
surrender.
• The battle of Stalingrad not only destroyed much of the
German army, but also ended their offensive in Russia
and ultimately resulted in Germany’s defeat.
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OPERATION BARBAROSSA
Operation Barbarossa was a
three pronged invasion of the
Soviet Union. The goal was to
seize all of the USSR up to the
Ural Mountains including the
major cities of Odessa, Kiev,
Moscow, Leningrad and
Stalingrad.
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Stalingrad
• The battle of Stalingrad was arguably the
largest single battle in human history. It raged
for 199 days. Numbers of casualties are
difficult to compile owing to the vast scope of
the battle and the fact the Soviet government
didn't allow estimates to be run for fear the
cost would have proven too high.
• In all, a total of anywhere from 1.7 million to 2
million Axis and Soviet casualties resulted
from the battle, making it by far the largest in
human history.
Stalingrad
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Afrika Lost
•Allied troops caught up to
Axis forces in Tunisia (North
Africa) and forced German
General von Arnin to
surrender.
•In securing North Africa, the
Mediterranean would be open
for British/ Allied supplies.
•
•An allied plan to invade Italy
was unfolding, meanwhile,
within Italy, Mussolini was
replaced by a new
government despite
reinforced Nazi contol.
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ROMMEL AND HIS AFRIKA
CORPS WAS TRAPPED
BETWEEN THE BRITISH AND
AMERICAN FORCES AND
AFTER HEAVY FIGHTING
DESTROYED IN MAY OF
1943.
THE END IN NORTH AFRICA: GERMAN TROOPS
SURRENDERING TO ALLIED FORCES
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World War II
1944
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Crossing the English Channel
As an invasion of southern Italy pushed back Axis forces,
a large Allied attack was planned to hit Nazi-controlled
France by crossing the English Channel.
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Expecting a large
attack at Calais, the
narrowest crossing,
Hitler held off his
many armored
divisions from a
counter attack around
the beaches of
Normandy.
“D-Day” the name
given to the exact day
of any military
movement, was the
largest single attack 60
plan in history.
SUPREME ALLIED COMMANDER GENERAL EISENHOWER SPEAKS
WITH PARATROOPERS JUST BEFORE THEY EMBARK TO JUMP
INTO NAZI OCCUPIED FRANCE
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THOUSANDS
OF ALLIED
SOLDIERS
ENTERED
BATTLE
FROM THE
AIR
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THOUSANDS OF
TROOPS ARRIVED
IN FRANCE ON
TOWED GLIDERS.
MANY CRASHED,
KILLING THEIR
PILOTS AND
PASSENGERS.
63
•A total of 600 warships, 400 small crafts,
176,000 troops, and an air assault of 11,000
planes stormed the beaches of Normandy,
France.
CARGO SHIPS
BEING UNLOADED
ON THE INVASION
BEACHES TO
SUPPLY THE
INVADING
ARMIES
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Despite a treacherous
initial landing, the
Allies managed to land
326,000 men, 50,000
vehicles, and 100,000
tons of supplies in just
one week.
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The invasion of
Normandy lasted from
June 6 to July 24,
followed by a large
attack by US General
Patton, General A.M.
Patch, and the French
Forces of the Interior
(FFI).
Paris was liberated
by August and by
October, the Germans
were out of France.
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1. Why was the D-Day important to the war?
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Four Terms for FDR
• Based upon FDR’s experience and
leadership, the nation gave the President
a victory in seeking his fourth term for
President in a decisive 432 to 99 electoral
vote. Being that the tide was turning in the
war, the economy was revitalized, and
American prosperity seemed sure to
return, FDR gained a secure victory.
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World War II
1945
Holding Bastogne
•
• In December of 1944, the Germans tried to break
through the Allied defenses to invade France. The
defense perimeter at the point of attack, near Bastogne
was weak and poorly supported.
• Dense forests and bad weather gave the Nazis an
advantage, and allowed their Panzer armor division to
penetrate 60 miles into the Allied perimeter- causing a
“bulge” in the line.
• After refusing to surrender while surrounded, the US
troops of the 101st Airborne division held off the
Germans until back-up arrived.
• The Germans were then pushed back to the original
Siegfried line. The Battle of the Bulge was the largest
ground battle of the war and took over 120,000 German
lives.
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THE GERMANS LAUNCHED A SURPRISE
ATTACK THROUGH THE ARDENNES FOREST
THAT CAUGHT THE US ARMY UNPREPARED.
THE FIGHTING LASTED FROM DECEMBER
16TH TO FEBRUARY 9TH 1945
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DEAD US SOLDIERS WHO WERE
MURDERED BY GERMAN TROOPS
AFTER SURRENDERING
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AMERICANS
CAPTURED IN THE
BATTLE OF THE
BULGE
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The Big Three
• In February of 1945, the Great Britain’s Winston
Churchill, Soviet Union’s Josef Stalin, and FDR met at
Yalta to discuss the war and possible post-war
measures.
• Stalin, claiming the largest casualties of the war were
Soviet, cleverly requested the lion’s share. The Soviet
leader demanded Poland, and half of all German
reparations and promised to declare war on Japan, and
join the newly formed United Nations.
• In return for these promises, Stalin would get some
Japanese islands and the large area of Outer Mongolia.
He vowed to allow the eastern European countries of
Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and
Bulgaria to elect their own governments.
• FDR and Churchill left the conference with a handful of
promises and not much else.
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FDR HAS OFTEN BEEN ACCUSED OF SELLING OUT
TO STALIN BUT BOTH FDR AND CHURCHILL KNEW
WHILE THEY HAD 4 MILLION SOLDIERS STALIN
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HAD AN ARMY OF OVER 12 MILLION MEN.
Battle for Berlin
• Joseph Stalin had effectively ordered his
two leading generals - Zhukov and Konev
- to race to the German capital.
• With such a huge advantage in manpower
and equipment, getting to the actual
capital was relatively easy in that the
Germans were constantly retreating
whereas the Russians had the advantage
of forward momentum.
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US TROOPS
ENTER
GERMANY FROM
THE WEST
WHILE RUSSIAN
SOLDIERS
ATTACK FROM
THE EAST.
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Battle for Berlin
• Despite the obvious hopelessness of the situation, Hitler
still planned to direct the defense of the city himself
putting his faith in the German 12th Army that had
withdrawn from the western front.
• Casualty figures on both sides were high. The Russians
lost 80,000 men killed and 275,000 wounded or missing
in the lead up to the battle and in the battle itself. Two
thousand Russian tanks were destroyed. 150,000
Germans were killed during the battle. The Russians
simply destroyed a complete building if they had been
fired on from somewhere within that building. However,
the city could not last out for long and on May 2nd 1945,
Berlin surrendered to the Russians and the war in
Europe all but ended. Germany unconditionally
surrendered on May 7th.
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Battle for Berlin
• Over two million artillery shells were fired into
Berlin and the surrounding area in three weeks
and 1 million Russian infantry troops took part in
the assault on the city. Russia's vast tank
superiority counted for little in the debris ridden
streets of Berlin. The Germans who fought there
were issued with portable anti-tank weaponry
and could use hit-and-run tactics against
Russian tanks. Areas had to be taken street by
street and building by building.
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US AND SOVIET SOLDIERS GREET
EACH OTHER AT TORGAU, GERMANY
IN APRIL OF 1945.
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RUSSIAN ARMIES SURROUND BERLIN. THE BATTLE
LASTED FROM APRIL 16TH TO MAY 2ND 1945.
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German Surrender
• Hitler decided to await the end in Berlin, where
he could still manipulate what was left of the
command apparatus. Most of his political and
military associates chose to leave the capital for
places in north and south Germany likely to be
out of the Soviet reach.
• Hitler committed suicide in his Berlin bunker.
• As his last significant official act, he named
Grand Admiral Karl Doenitz to succeed him as
chief of state.Doenitz, who had been loyal to
Hitler, had no course open to him other than
surrender.
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Hitler commits suicide as the Russians approach his
underground bunker in Berlin
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German Surrender
• His representative, General Alfred Jodl, signed
an unconditional surrender of all German armed
forces at Eisenhower's headquarters in Reims
early on May 7, 1945.
• By then the German forces in Italy had already
surrendered (on May 2), as had those in
Holland, north Germany, and Denmark (May 4).
• The U.S. and British governments declared May
8 V-E (Victory in Europe) Day
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World War II
1945
• The Fight for the Pacific Island
• A two-year fight for dominance in the Pacific (19431945) proved costly for many American soldiers.
Heavy losses mounted for American troops in their
missions to fight the fierce Japanese for island
control in the South Pacific. With eventual victories
on Tarawa, Kwajalein, Saipan, Iwo Jima, and
Okinawa, victory soon become attainable.
• The leap-frogging General MacArthur made his way
toward the Philippines by way of Leyte Island. There
on Leyte Island the Japanese made their last
significant naval defense, and consequently lost
their sea power in a stunning defeat.
• With the Japanese navy out of the war, the
Americans charged into the Philippines to oust the
remaining Japanese forces. After the Japanese
surrender in Manila on March 9th, MacArthur
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declared the nation restored. s
Death of FDR
• With the war raging, FDR became run
down in his fourth term. He traveled to his
therapy center in Georgia to rest, and on
April 12, 1945 a blood vessel burst in the
president’s brain causing his death.
America was devastated and mourned the
lost of a true American President. Harry
Truman would now face the crucial
decisions of a wartime President.
85
Atomic Power
• Since 1942, the United States had been conducting
experiments on splitting the atom, thus creating a new
source of tremendous power. The so-called
“Manhattan Project” under the supervision of scientist
Enrico Fermi, had successfully created the capability of
atomic weaponry, and on July 16, 1945 tested the
weapon at Alamogordo, New Mexico. By the time the
bomb was ready to use the Italians, and Germans
surrendered, leaving the Japanese as the lone possible
targets of atomic devastation. After a refusal to the
warning of, “the alternative to surrender is prompt and
utter destruction,” the first atomic bomb was dropped on
Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. Three days later another
bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. On August 14, 1945
the Japanese surrendered.
86
MODEL OF “LITTLE
BOY” ATOMIC BOMB
ENOLA GAY, PLANE THAT
DROPPED THE BOMB
CREW OF THE ENOLA
GAY THE PLANE
THAT DROPPED THE
FIRST ATOMIC
BOMB ON JAPAN
87
AUGUST 6TH, 1945, 70,000
KILLED AND EVEN MORE
WOUNDED
THE FIRST ATOMIC
BOMB WAS
DROPPED ON THE
CITY OF
HIROSHIMA
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AUGUST 9TH, 40,000 KILLED
A second atomic bomb
was dropped on Nagasaki
and the Japanese
surrendered
89
VJ DAY, AUGUST 14, 1945 WORLD WAR II ENDS
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WW II DEATHS PER COUNTRY
91