Transcript WWII = World War Two - Hendrick Hudson School District

WWII = World War Two
1941 - 1945
Appeasement Policy of Britain & France
 1938 The Appeasement policy of England & France was done to
avoid war with Germany.
 Germany annexed the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia.
 Munich Conference 1938 -Czechoslovakian Government was
forced to hand over the region of Sudetenland to Germany.
 British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain “…I think we have
found peace in our time.”
FDR brings US into War
 Lend – Lease Act 1940- help Britain & others at war with
Germany FDR “lend and or Lease war materials” to Europe &
England. By passing Congress.
 December 7th, 1941- Pearl Harbor
 Command Economy- US
 Rosie the Riveter
 Yalta Conference 1945- division of post war Germany. War crimes
trials of Nazis- Nuremburg Trials
Arsenal of Democracy
 FDR wants America to be the arsenal of democracy so
America could assist the Allied nations.
 Neutrality Acts Lend-Lease Act America wants to stop Totalitarian aggression
Japan & America
 1900-1941-- America attempts to restrict Japan’s
growth and Imperialist power in Asia & throughout the
Pacific.
 Japan = Pan Asianism
 Rape of Nanking= Dec 1937 Atrocities against Chinese
civilians.
1920’s --1941-US Oil Embargo against Japan because of
Japanese Totalitarian aggression throughout the Pacific,
China, Korea and Asia
Japanese Atrocities
 1937-1938--Rape of Nanking- Japanese Army atrocities in
China- 20,000 -- 80,000 Chinese women were sexually
assaulted by Japanese Army 1,000’s of civilians massacred.
Babies killed.
 Comfort Women--Chinese Women were kept as sex slaves
for any Japanese soldier
 Japan Annexes Korea -Korean comfort women
Interment of Japanese Americans
 Executive order # 9066
 120,000 men, women, and children were rounded up on the West
Coast. Three categories of internees were created: Nisei (native
U.S. citizens of Japanese immigrant parents), Issei (Japanese
immigrants), and Kibei (native U.S. citizens educated largely in
Japan). The internees were transported to one of 10 relocation
centers in California, Utah, Arkansas, Arizona, Idaho, Colorado,
and Wyoming.
Korematsu v. United States
 necessary to protect the country -federal appeals court
agreed with FDR-- Korematsu appealed this --the U.S.
Supreme Court--agreed with government … the need to
protect the country was a greater priority than the individual
rights of the Japanese and Japanese Americans.
 Executive order # 9066
US WWII
 Wartime relocation Authority-
 D-Day June 6th, 1944
 Atomic Bomb-German scientists r used-- Robert
Oppenheimer
 May 8, 1945 V-E Day
 President Truman’s Tough decision- Use the Atomic Bomb on
Japan
 The Enola Gay– Drops the atom bomb on Hiroshima August 6,
1945 & Nagasaki August 9, 1945
US WWII
 May 8, 1945 V-E Day
 President Truman’s great decision-The Atomic Bomb on
Japan
 The Enola Gay– Drops the atom bomb on Hiroshima August 6,
1945 & Nagasaki August 9, 1945
Korematsu
 "As long as my record stands in federal court, any American
citizen can be held in prison or concentration camps without
trial or hearing. I would like to see the government admit
they were wrong and do something about it, so this will
never happen again to any American citizen of any race,
creed, or color." —Fred Korematsu (1983), on his decision to
again challenge his conviction 40 years later
Cash & carry
 FDR uses the Cash & Carry policy of the Lend-Lease Act to
provide support for the allies in WWII w/o entering the war.
The USS Indianapolis
 1945--1,196 people on board ship, a Japanese sub torpedoes the
Indianapolis-- only 316 out of 800 who survived the sinking
survived the shark attacks during 4 days adrift in the Pacific
Ocean.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9S41Kplsbs
Women in WWII
 Women’s Air Corp-
 Industrial workers
 “Rosie the Riveter”
 Black Americans in WWII = Segregated Armed services
 President Truman desegregates the US armed forces in 1948
 Native Americans in WWII
Nisei = Japanese American soldiers
 442nd Infantry Regiment
US WWII
 April 12, 1945 FDR= dies
 The Manhattan Project-1943
 Truman uses the Atomic bomb- Hiroshima August 6, 1945 Nagasaki August 9th, 1945
 Returning GI’s = GI Bill of rights
 Churchill “iron curtain speech
 Baby Boom generation
Rosie the Riveter
US ignores the Holocaust???
 1939- the ship St.Louis 900 Jewish refugees left Europe for Cuba-
not allowed-go to NYC Harbor not allowed back to Germany to
the Concentration camps
 Holocaust or War?? Bomb the RxR tracks to the Death-camps or
the RxR lines that supply the German’s war effort???
Wartime Allied Conferences
 FDR, Churchill and Stalin meet many times during WWII- 3 important
conferences are:
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1941 Atlantic Charter Meeting- post war planning of the
world
 1945 Yalta Conference- plan trials for war criminals, divide
Germany into spheres of Allied influence.
 1945 Potsdam Truman, Stalin & Churchill meet. Warn japan to
surrender or face utter destruction.
Atlantic Charter Meeting 1941
 principles of freedom that would guide America
& Great Britain-- the 2 western democracies-- in
the conduct of their international relations during
WWII and after the war. Stalin was not here only
Churchill & FDR
Atlantic Charter meeting
 Atlantic ocean off of Canada, 1941
Yalta conference
WWII Final Days in Europe
 D-Day June 6th 1944
 Allies begin a Massive naval landing, Normandy France
 Push Germany out of France from the coast and Soviets from
the East push Germany from the East
 April, 1945 Hitler commits suicide
 Germany surrenders VE-Day
After WWII
 The Cold War = a freeze in relations between Soviets &
US –everything but actual war
 1947-Truman Doctrine-Fight Soviet expansion &
Contain it!! Soviets close off Berlin aka-Berlin Blockade
–Soviets bloc all access to City of Berlin.
 1948 Berlin Airlift-Allies fly in food etc.,
 Marshall Plan-$$ aid to Re-build Germany & Europe
Nuremburg Trials 1946 Allies put on Trial many high-ranking Nazi officials
Nazis
1. crimes against humanity= Holocaust = final solution
 2. waging aggressive war
 3. committing civilian atrocities
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcudlm6tPa0
Pacific War
Wii
 US Strategy = Island Hopping
 Gen MacArthur commander of all Pacific forces
 Famous Battles- Marines = Iwo Jima, Guadal Canal,
 Marines raise the flag on Iwo
Iconic images from Iwo Jima south
Pacific
Navajo Code Talkers
 Used Native language in code to direct fire missions against
Japanese forces
 Japanese could not figure out the code
 Helped win war in Pacific
General MacArthur
 American Caesar
General MacArthur’s career
 West point
 WWI, WWII & Korea
 WWII – General of the Army & Supreme commander =
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rebuilds Japan on a democracy.
President Truman fires Macarthur for not following orders in
Korean war
Truman wants to contain Communism & Macarthur wants to
destroy it
Nuclear Age
1946-2016
Avoid Nuclear war
WWII is over
 VE-Day April, 1945
 VJ- Day—August 9th 1945
NATO
 North Atlantic Treaty Organization 1949-contain communism!!
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And the Warsaw Pact
Warsaw Pact = Soviet European satellites, Poland, Bulgaria, East
Germany opposite of NATO
US Foreign policy goal: Contain Communism in Europe
1949 China becomes communist
1949-Soviets detonate atomic bomb—Nuclear Arms Race
Domino Theory- China & Soviets are spreading Communism
across the world. 1 country goes Communist spreads to bordering
country. Soviet Union, China, Korea and Vietnam
Korean War 1951-1953. A truce is declared in 1953 country
divided along the 38 Parallel
Containment by US
 NATO, Truman Doctrine & the Marshall Plan attempted to
Contain Communism
 Foreign Policy decisions by US were based on Containment
& non-recognition of Communist Govts.
 Containment, isolationism, military alliances like NATO &
SEATO (South East Asian Treaty Organization) nonrecognition of Communist countries
 (no recognition of Communist govts)
SEATO
 Sept. 8, 1954, by Australia France New Zealand,
Pakistan France, Thailand, United Kingdom,
America
America and Communism
 The Rosenberg Case- 1950- convicted of giving Soviets
secrets about US Atomic program convicted of espionage
executed at Sing Sing prison in Ossining, NY 1953.
America and Communism
 The Cold War leads to fear that Communism is spreading to
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America
HUAC = House Un-American Activities committee
Smith Act- Illegal to advocate…overthrowing… govt of US
by force or to affiliate with groups that called for such
actions.
1951- Dennis v. United States- SC upholds Smith Act
McCarthyism- Reds everywhere = Senator McCarthyism
is a bully and HUAC black listed actors, writers etc., They
can’t find any work because many refused to answer
questions about if they were communists
Black Listing
 Late 1940’s—late 1950’s political practice of denying
employment to screenwriters, actors, directors, musicians,
and other U.S. entertainment professionals because of their
suspected political beliefs or associations. Because of their
alleged membership in or sympathy with the American
Communist Party.
2 US foreign Polices of the Cold War
 1—Containment- Truman Doctrine, Eisenhower Doctrine
 2—Brinkmanship- A Cold War political policy based on
pushing a situation to the point of disaster without going to
war. Examples of Brinkmanship 3. MAD = Mutual Assured Destruction
Biggest close call of Cold War
 Cuban missile Crisis---13 days in October 1962 , the
Soviet Union secretly placed nuclear-tipped missiles on the
Communist-led island of Cuba- America used a naval
blockade around Cuba--Solution--Soviets withdrew the
missiles after the U.S. pledged publicly never to invade Cuba
and promised privately to withdraw its own nuclear missiles
from Turkey.
Bay of Pigs
 April 17, 1961 President John Kennedy authorized an armed
invasion of Cuba. The air & sea assault was conducted by antiCastro Cubans trained by the CIA in Louisiana. The attack
took place in the Bay Of Pigs, Cuba. It failed and was an
embarrassment to the Kennedy administration. Castro then
turned to the USSR and allowed them to place Nuclear
Ballistic missiles in Cuba.
Korean War 1950-1953
 WW II ends 1945
 Korean peninsula is divided along the 38th parallel.
Communist north & Democratic South.
 General Douglas MacArthur commands all UN troops
 1st military action of the UN
 1951--China invades South Korea
Korea Cont.
 China’s involvement convinces USA of the Domino Theory
 Gen. Macarthur is fired by president Truman (pres decision)
for disagreeing with the president in public. MacArthur was
nick named American Caesar.
 Armistice Ends Korean war 1953 no formal end to hostilities
problems 21st century = Containment Korea is divided at the
38 Parallel
General Douglas Macarthur
1952- Polio Vaccine created -DR. Salk
USA fears of Communism
 1919- Attorney General Palmer deports 249 foreigners
 Nixon accuses Alger Hiss of Espionage 1948
 Rosenbergs executed for Treason 1953
 McCarthyism, red scare Jeopardized rights of anyone
suspected of being communist
 AAAhhh Commies every where
Space Race
 Soviets = Sputnik -October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union
successfully launched Sputnik I. The world's first global
satellite.
 1961 USSR sends 1st man into space & to orbit the earth.
Yuru Gargarin
 US sends in John Glen February, 1962 Glen 1st American to
orbit the earth.
President Kennedy
 Race for space
 “put a man on the moon in a decade”
• Kennedy 1961
President Kennedy & space program
 Americans = John Glenn--Feb. 20, 1962
 1st American into space.
Pres Kennedy
 1961-Peace Corp -Kennedy saw the Peace Corps as a
means of countering the view many had in the 3rd world-of
"Yankee imperialism especially in the emerging nations of
post-colonial Africa and Asia.
Cuban Missile Crisis
 1962 Soviets place intercontinental nuclear armed missiles in
Cuba
 US Response- A Naval Blockade of Cuba
 Why do the Soviets have Missiles in Cuba??
 Americans Freak Out
President Kennedy assassinated
 November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas
 By Lee Harvey Oswald
 Oswald is killed by Jack Ruby a few days after Oswald was
arrested and while under police escort
LBJ & Vista
 VISTA was founded as Volunteers in Service to America in
1965 as a national service program designed specifically to
fight poverty in America.
President Lyndon B. Johnson
 Great society programs-Goal— “create social welfare
programs to help society end poverty in America.”
 1. Medicare was created to offset the costs of health care for
the nation's elderly.
 Other LBJ programs. 1964 Civil rights act- banned
discrimination based on race and gender in employment and
ending segregation in all public facilities.
 1965 Voting rights act-banned literacy tests and other
discriminatory methods of denying suffrage to African
Americans.
Vietnam War
 Domino Theory
 War protestors in America
 Draft Dodgers
 Casius Clay = Muhammad Ali = resists the draft
 Students for a democratic society SDS organized huge
protests against the Vietnam War
Bay of Pigs
 April 17, 1961 President John Kennedy authorized an armed
invasion of Cuba. The air & sea assault was conducted by antiCastro Cubans trained by the CIA in Louisiana. The attack
took place in the Bay Of Pigs, Cuba. It failed and was an
embarrassment to the Kennedy administration. Castro then
turned to the USSR and allowed them to place Nuclear
Ballistic missiles in Cuba.
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Gulf of Tonkin Incident 1964
 Supposedly--North Vietnamese Gun boats attack US navy
ships… President Johnson (LBJ) asks Congress to pass a
resolution to ESCALATE the Vietnam war. Gulf of Tonkin
resolution is passed &….Escalates the Vietnam war!
 Public Opinion is against Vietnam = Tet Offensive 1968
 USA big protests, SDS
 1973--War Powers Resolution Now Congress & the
American people are sick of Executive abuse of power. WPR
Limits presidential power to send troops into combat
without Congressional approval after 45 days
War powers resolution 1973
 The American people & Congress do not want the President
to have absolute power to wage “war” on his own decision.
Vietnam was President Kennedy’s war, LBJ’s war & Nixon’s
war. Vietnam was run from the Oval Office
 War powers Resolution-- a federal law intended to check the
president's power to commit American troops into combat
roles and or an armed conflict without the consent of the
U.S. Congress.
 Another checks & balance decision!!
25th Amendment February 23, 1967
 Section # 1--In case of the removal of the President from
office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall
become President.
 SECTION 2.
 Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice
President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who
shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both
Houses of Congress.
January 1968
 North Vietnam launches the surprise attack called the Tet
Offensive
 Wow!
 In January 1968 Tet offensive convinced many Americans the
Vietnam war is not winnable
 “Peace with Honor”
 American Public Opinion influences US govt war policy
Kent State
 College students protest Vietnam War on Kent State campus
in Ohio.
 National guard troops fire into protestors killing & injuring
several
Kent State May 4, 1970
Vietnamization of war
 Nixon tries to get the South Vietnamese to fight their war
Cold War Under Nixon
 Détente-easing of tensions between Soviets & America
 Out of Vietnam with honor
 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks SALT I
 SALT II
 Goes to china
Nixon & the Middle East
 USA support Israel’s 1973 war aka Yom Kippur War
 Israel v. Egyptian–Syrian–Jordanian alliance Arab world does
not recognize Israel as a sovereign nation
 Israel gained and kept Arab territory
 Golan Heights from Syria
 Arab countries want Israel to honor 1967 UN resolution # 242
that stated Israel must give back territory it won in the 1967
war
 Camp David Peace Accords-USA, Israel & Egypt-meet to
discuss peace.
Strategic Defense Initiative [SDI]
1983–1989
 Reagan fools the Soviets that we have outer space based
missile system. Soviets go broke trying to keep up with this
fake technology program.
President Nixon’s Term
Before Nixon resigns
 VP Spiro Agnew resigns Less than a year BEFORE Richard
M. Nixon's resignation as president. !!Spiro Agnew becomes
the first U.S. vice president to resign in disgrace.
 Nixon chose, per the 25th Amendment, Gerald Ford to be VP
 What happens to Ford when Nixon resigns?
Pressure against Vietnam
 NY Times Company v. United Sates 1971-Nixon in the “Pentagon
Papers” case, both President Nixon & the Pentagon said that
the NY Times couldn’t publish documents regarding Vietnam
because they were essential to maintaining the war & might
cause problems in fighting the war. SC sides with the NY
Times.
Watergate
 In June 1972, five men armed with cameras and bugging
equipment were arrested inside the Democratic Party’s
National Committee's offices in the Watergate complex in
Washington, D.C. Police soon discovered that the burglars
worked, directly or indirectly, for the Committee to Re-Elect
President Nixon and was run by a top Nixon aide to
President Nixon. They all denied any connection with the
incident.
 But Nixon admitted to using a voice taping system in the
Oval Office. The Federal Prosecutors office wanted the tapes
and Nixon said NO because he was protected by Executive
privilege.
United States v. Nixon, 1974
 Does the separation of powers created by the Constitution provide
the President with an absolute power to withhold information
from other branches of government? = Executive Privilege
 This case judged whether a president's power of executive
privilege was absolute or if it could be waived in the event of a
criminal investigation.
 What was the criminal investigation called? = Watergate!!
 August 9, 1974, Nixon became the first President in U.S. history
to resign from the presidency. He did so in order to avoid going
through the likely prospect of being impeached by the full House
of Representatives and convicted by the Senate.
Environmental Issues
 1970 -Silent Spring – a book by Rachel Carson who like John
Muir, Teddy Roosevelt, Pete Seeger (Clear water on Hudson
river) insisted that the natural environment be protected.
Imagine a spring and you do not hear any birds singing ?
 Earth Day – April 22, 1970
Pete Seeger & Judy Collins
Pete Seeger
1962 Silent Spring
Impact of Silent Spring 1962
 Carson influenced the environmental movement as no one
had since the 19th century’s most celebrated hermit, Henry
David Thoreau, his book Walden Pond.
 Carson’s Silent Spring” said- synthetic pesticides, like DDT
not only kill bugs but also make their way up the food chain
to threaten bird and fish populations and could eventually
sicken children.
Environmental pollution
 Hudson river = no commercial fishing for striped Bass =
PCB’s
 DDT- a pesticide that weakened eagle eggs
 Love Canal, NY – toxic dump
 1970--Environmental protection agency is created by Nixon.
Henry David Thoreau- b. d.1862
 1845 he began his famous two-year stay on a pond in Mass.
Walden Pond, which is the title of his book, Walden
emphasized harmony with nature, civil disobedience and
individual ethics. He was a transcendentalist and he was
known for his beliefs in Transcendentalism, civil
disobedience, nature and was a dedicated abolitionist
 Transcendentalist- inherent goodness of both people and
nature & reject political parties & organized religion.
Ohhhh
 Supreme Court decision in Schenck v. United States in 1919 &
the passage of the Patriot Act (2001) demonstrate the
principle that the Federal Govt. can limit individual rights in
times of national emergency.
Accused Have Rights
 Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Holding: Illegally obtained material
cannot be used in a criminal trial. 4th amendment secure from
unreasonable searches and seizures of property
 Miranda v. Arizona (1966)Holding: Police must inform
suspects of their rights before questioning.
 5th Amendment a person in a criminal (defendant or a
suspect) case cant be forced to be a witness against himself.
 Protecting the rights of the accused
Accused Have Rights
 Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Holding: Illegally obtained material
cannot be used in a criminal trial. 4th amendment secure from
unreasonable searches and seizures of property
 Miranda v. Arizona (1966)Holding: Police must inform
suspects of their rights before questioning.
 5th Amendment a person in criminal case cant be forced to
be a witness against himself.
 Protecting the rights of the accused
Accused Have Rights
 Gideon v.Wainwright (1963)
Holding: Indigent defendants must be provided representation
without charge.
 Texas v. Johnson (1989)
Holding: Even offensive speech such as flag burning is protected by
the First Amendment.
SC cases that limit student 1st
Amendment Rights
 Student rights may be limited says the SC
 New Jersey v.T.L.O. (1985)
Holding: Students have a reduced expectation of privacy in school.
 (Bong Hits for Jesus)-Morse v. Frederick, 2007
 Holding: schools can limit student free speech when it endorses
illegal, dangerous drug use
1st Amendment support for students
 Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)
Holding: Students do not leave their rights at the schoolhouse
door. 1st amendment free speech .Wore armbands to protestVietnam
war.
SC case that support Flag Burning
 Texas v. Johnson
Reaganomics
 Like Hoover- support business, tax cuts for corporations &
the wealthy
 Reagan de-regulated the air lines & Savings & loan
institutions = not the role of the Fed Govt.
 Trickle Down economic theory North American Free Trade Agreement = NAFTA
Bill Clinton
 IMPEACED BUT SURVIVED
 Lead United Nations coalition in Bosnia-Serbia (former Yugoslavia) to stop
ethnic cleansing by Serbian Armed forces against Muslims.
 Like President Obama Clinton wanted National Health Care --but only got a
few small health care reforms
 welfare-reform bill in 1996 - work for welfare $ and reduced welfare roles.
 Gays in the military-- Don't Ask, Don't Tell" ---Clinton satisfied few on either
side of the argument in July, 1993 when he announced the "Don't Ask, Don't
Tell" compromise
 limits on habeas corpus intended to help deter domestic terrorism like
the Oklahoma City bombing it was a was a domestic terrorist bomb attack on
the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in downtown Oklahoma City on April 19,
1995. by an American named Timothy McVeigh
Clinton and the Balkans
 Balkan Peninsula was escalating to genocide, as Bosnian Serbs
slaughtered Muslim men, women, and children in their own
country. Reluctant to intervene at first, Clinton finally acted
after international appeals for the U.S. to take a leadership
role, and with the media projecting new images of the
atrocities daily. Clinton set up a NATO response plan, which
was quickly triggered by a Serbian attack. NATO missions
brought an end to the fighting, and within several months
Clinton presided over the Dayton Peace Accords, establishing
himself as a competent and credible world leader.
 Dayton Peace Accords
Clinton & International economics
 NAFTA, and next Clinton agreed to join other countries in a
world wide agreement called General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade (GATT), promote trade between countries
 1995-Clinton has the USA join the World Trade Organization
(WTO), an international group of member states responsible
for monitoring trade rules among nations
Other stuff
 Wacked out Presidential elections
 Hayes-Tilden 1876 & Bush Gore, 2000 are similar
because each election winner was elected without a majority
of the popular vote
 Thank you Electoral College
Bush 41 War on Terror.
 Operation Desert Storm-remove Iraqi troops from Kuwait
and Use American war planes to deny Iraq use of the air. Bur
do not take out Sadam’s govt. It is a bulwark against
expansion of Jihadists in region.
 Bush # 43-Take out all of Iraq and hand its top leaders.
Create a democratic govt. = Failed
 Presidential decisions???? Yes!!
The Nuclear Age & Communism
 Cold War- a chilling of relations between Soviet & USA
 Sputnik = 1957 Soviet Satellite 1st into space
 The Arms Race-stockpiling of Nuclear & non-nuclear
weapons by both USA & Soviets
 Domino Theory SEATO Cuban Missile Crisis- 1962 soviet Nuclear rockets in Cuba
The 1950’s
 Baby Boom
 Growth of Suburbs
 Levittown in Long Island, NY
 GI Bill
 Cars, cars, cars
 TV sets are in many homes
Civil Rights
 Brown v Bd of Ed 1954
 Little Rock, Arkansas, Governor orders national guard to
stop 9 black students from coming on campus of Little Rock,
Arkansas
 Eisenhower sends in federal troops to protect & escort the
black students. Gov fabius ordering all HS in Littlerock
closed for the year.
 1955- Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on abus toa
white man.
Civil Rights Cont:
 Martin Luther king. Jr
 Influenced by Henry David Thoreau (1854) Walden and its
advocacy of civil disobedience and his Christian beliefs in all men =
 led the Montgomery bus boycott
 Lunch counter sit-ins.
 March on Birmingham- 1963- march led by Dr. King, police
dogs, fire hoses, beatings: King writes Letter From a Birmingham
Jail defending his method of non-violence, civil disobedience
and the need to end segregation
 1969 Tinker v Des Moines, Iowa school district