Transcript CHAPTER 16
CHAPTER 16 WORLD WAR LOOMS SECTION 1 DICTATORS THREATEN WORLD PEACE • Nationalism – ? • Treaty of Versailles- backed Germany into a corner—made it impossible for them to recover. It also made the SU upset because they lost a lot of land. Russia • Lenin- 1917 – United Soviet Socialist Republics • Joseph Stalin - 1926 – 5 year plans – Great Costs – Totalitarian Government Italy • Benito Mussolini – Il Duce – Fascism – Black Shirts – King Emmanuel – Totalitarian Germany • Hitler – Der Fuhrer – Nazi Party – Mein Kampf – Nazism • Unite German speaking people • Purification – Aryan race • Expansion – Storm Troopers – Brown Shirts – Third Reich Demagogue Japan • • • • Raw materials Military leaders Manchuria League of Nations – Japan – Germany – Italy Spain • Francisco Franco • Civil War • Western Democracies – neutral • Germany and Italy – supplies – Rome-Berlin Axis Pact • Totalitarian • Kellogg-Briand Pact • Isolationism United States – Nye Committee – Anti-War feelings – American First Committee • FDR’s foreign policy – Recognized the Soviet Union in 1933 – Good Neighbor Policy – • Nonintervention in Latin America – withdrew troops • Neutrality Acts –1&2 • Outlawed arms sales or loans to warring nations –3 • Extended to include countries at civil war – China – Quarantine Speech – October 5, 1937 - page 535 SECTION 2 WAR IN EUROPE Hitler Wants Land • Austria – March 1938 – Anschluss • Czechoslovakia Hitler wanted to control this area because German speaking people were there and : 1. Food supplies 2. Defensible frontiers 3. Soldiers for Germany Austria • Same language • Same culture • Authoritarian government • No allies Czechoslovakia • Different languages • Democracy • Allied with Soviet Union and France • German Propaganda • Munich Conference – Britain – Chamberlin – France – De Gaulle – Hitler’s Promise – Munich Pact – Sept 30, 1938 • Winston Churchill –Appeasement • By March 15, 1939 German Offensive Begins • Poland – Two front war ? • Non-Aggression Pact – Aug 23, 1939 – Soviet Union • Blitzkrieg – Sept 1, 1939 • Phony War – Sitzkrieg – Maginot Line – Siegfried Line – Stalin • Baltic States – Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania – then Finland All by April 9, 1940 – Hitler • Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg – All by May 1940 The Fall of France • German maneuver • Dunkirk • Italy joins • June 1940 • Charles de Gaulle Battle of Britain • Summer into fall 1940 • Luftwaffe • RAF – New Technology • Radar • Hitler responds • Churchill – “never was so much owed by so many to so few” • Civilians – Determined and carry on Battle of Britain Battle of Britain Battle of Britain SECTION 3 THE HOLOCAUST Holocaust • Term used to identify the period in history when Hitler and the Nazis killed millions of Jewish people and other undesirables. Genocide • The systematic killing of a specific group of people • Method used by the Nazis during the Holocaust Jewish were targeted • Nuremberg Laws – 1935 – Took citizenship away from the German Jewish people • Kristallnacht – November 1938 KRISTALLNACHT • Jewish refugee • Hitler’s response • Problems did not end at dawn 7,500 businesses 180 synagogues 90 Jews killed Hundreds injured Thousands terrorized Jewish Refugees • Anti-Semitism • Great Depression • St. Louis - 1939 Final Solution • First targets of the Nazis – Political opponents • Jewish were their second target • Third target – anyone viewed as inferior – Gypsies, mentally ill, mentally deficient, physically disabled, incurably ill, free masons, Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals • Security Squadrons – SS • Ghettos Concentration Camps • Wannsee Conference – Early 1942 • Mass Exterminations – Auschwitz – Dr. Mengele • Survivors – Elie Wiesel SECTION 4 AMERICA MOVES TOWARD WAR US Turns From Neutrality • Neutrality Act of 1939 – “Cash and Carry” • Destroyers for Bases Tripartite Pact • Germany • Italy • Japan – Communism • US Fear . . . . The countries became known as the Axis Powers Selective Service and Training Act • First peacetime draft • The “GI” • “You’re in the Army (or Navy) now!” • Created units not individuals • Election of 1940 – Four Freedoms Speech • • • • Of speech Of worship From want From fear • The Great Arsenal of Democracy – Lend-Lease Act – Soviet Union • June 1941 – Germany breaks promise! – German Wolf Packs • Rattlesnakes of the Atlantic • By September 1941 US Navy ordered. . . . Atlantic Charter – Aug ‘41 • Churchill and FDR – Not a plan for war but a vision of the world after the war 1. World of Democracy 2. Non-Aggression 3. Free Trade 4. Economic Advancement 5. Freedom of the Seas • “A Declaration of the United Nations” – Expresses the common purpose of the Allies – Signed by 4/5 of the human race – United Nations Japan’s Ambitions in the Pacific • Hideki Tojo – More land • European Pacific Colonies • US Responds to Japanese actions – Oil Embargo • Peace Talks – Nov 5, 1941 – Emperor Hirohito • US breaks code – Attack – yes – The question – when and where • December 7, 1941 • Pearl Harbor • US declares war CHAPTER 17 THE UNITED STATES IN WORLD WAR II SECTION 1 Mobilizing for War • Japan thought . . . . • But the US was . . . . – Selective Service and the GIs – Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps – WAAC May ’42 – July ’43 • Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall – Minorities • Questioned if they should help in the war because . . . • Units were segregated – Mexican Americans » More than 300,000 fought » Bracero Program – African Americans Fighting for the » About 1 million served “Double V” » Mostly in non-combat roles – Asian Americans » 13,000 Chinese Americans » 33,000 Japanese Americans Spies and interpreters – Native Americans » 25,000 enlisted – “Wind Talkers” – Navajo Code Talkers Benjamin O. Davis Brigadier General A Production Miracle • Industrial response – Converting the Economy • • • • • Reconstruction Finance Corporation Cost Plus Contracts Auto to tank Henry Ford’s B-24 Bomber assembly line Henry Kizer’s Liberty Ships – Produced twice as much as Germany and five times as much as Japan • Labor’s contribution – Rosie the Riveter – A. Philip Randolph • Roosevelt – Executive Order 8802 Office of Scientific Research and Development • Advances – Sonar and radar improvements – Pesticides like DDT • Lice free soldiers!!!! – Penicillin • Manhattan Project Economic Controls • Office of Price Administration - OPA – Regulated prices on everything except farm products • War Production Board – Created to set priorities and production goals – Controlled distribution of raw materials • Rationing – regulated by the OPA Victory Gardens Scrap Drives Paying for the War • Small tax increase • War Bonds W A R B O N D S AIRPLANES ENGLISH WORD NAVAJO WORD SHIPS LITERAL TRANSLATION ENGLISH WORD NAVAJO WORD LITERAL TRANSLATION SHIPS TOH-DINEH-IH SEA FORCE BATTLESHIP LO-TSO WHALE AIRCRAFT TSIDI-MOFFAYE-HI BIRD CARRIER SUBMARINE BESH-LO IRON FISH PLANES WO-TAH-DENE-IH AIR FORCE DIVE BOMBER GINI CHICKEN HAWK TORPEDO PLANE TAS-CHIZZIE SWALLOW OBS. PLAN NE-AS-JAH OWL MINE SWEEPER CHA BEAVER FIGHTER PLANE DA-HE-TIH-HI HUMMING BIRD DESTROYER CA-LO SHARK TRANSPORT MAN CARRIER BOMBER PLANE JAY-SHO DINEH-NAY-YEHI CRUISER LO-TSO-YAZZIE SMALL WHALE PATROL PLANE GA-GIH CROW TSE-E MOSQUITO TRANSPORT ATSAH EAGLE MOSQUITO BOAT BUZZARD SECTION 2 War for Europe and North Africa War Plans • Churchill and Roosevelt agree that Hitler poses a greater world threat than Japan - - - SO - - - they would first go after Hitler. Battle in the Atlantic • • • • Purpose . . . . Early 1942 Ship building program By Early 1943 Battle for Stalingrad • Hitler orders attack in May 1942 – Goal • • Battle rages on until January 1943 Soviets hold their ground 1. Hitler refuses to turn around 2. Strong Soviet counter attack 3. Harsh winter weather Operation Torch • • • • November 1942 – May 1943 General Dwight D. Eisenhower General Patton General Erwin Rommel – The Desert Fox Casablanca Conference • Churchill and Roosevelt • Decision – – Accept only the unconditional surrender of the Axis Powers – Increase bombing of Germany – attack the “soft underbelly” Allies attack Italy • • • • King Emmanuel Mussolini is arrested Hitler responds Partisans help Allies Tuskegee Airmen • Eleanor Roosevelt • Most successful bomber escorts of WW II 1943 – bases are integrated - FDR 1948 – Truman fully integrates the armed forces Mexican Americans • Served in segregated units also • One of most decorated units of the war – All Chicano Japanese Americans • Nisei • All Nisei team – Brutal combat – Most decorated unit in American history D-Day Invasion • Eisenhower – Where to attack – Hitler has fortified coastline • English Channel • Normandy – Decoys • June 6, 1944 • General Omar Bradley • General George Patton – Third Army • Push to Paris • September 1944 – France is Liberated!!!! Commander Bradley and Omaha Beach Presidential Election 1944 • Roosevelt wins again • This makes 4 terms!!! Battle of the Bulge • October 1944 • German town Aachen • Hitler orders • Allies do not listen to intelligence reports • Germans push through • Allies counter • One month From this point on, the Germans could only retreat! Audie Murphy Liberation of Death Camps • Soviet forces • Majdenek Unconditional Surrender • April 12, 1945 • April 25, 1945 – Soviets stormed Berlin • April 29 Hitler-marries Eva Braun -writes a letter blaming the war on Jews and his officers for losing it • V-E Day – May 8 – Eisenhower accepts the unconditional surrender of Germany SECTION 3 THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC Japanese Advances • Within hours of Pearl Harbor – Attacked the Philippines – General Douglas Mac Arthur • Batan Death March • In the months after Pearl Harbor Doolittle Raids • Spring 1942 • Aircraft Carriers • Lt. Colonel James Doolittle Battle of the Coral Sea • First time fighting ships never saw each other • Aircraft carrier to aircraft carrier • Japan had to turn around Battle at Midway • June 1942 • Admiral Chester Nimitz • TURNING POINT IN THE PACIFIC WAR! • Island Hopping • Two prong approach – Nimitz – Mac Arthur • Guadalcanal – Aug 1942 • Kamikaze Iwo Jima • March 1945 • US needed this island for B-29 bombers to reach Japan • Probably the most heavily defended place on Earth! - Tunnels 20,700 Japanese – 20,500 60,000 US – 6,800 Battle for Okinawa • April 1945 • The only place between allies and the final assault on Japan • Japan used kamikaze attacks again • US continues to fight and take over • Ends June 22, 1945 • Losses • US – 7,600 Japan – 110,000 Manhattan Project • J. Robert Oppenheimer • To Bomb or Not to Bomb – Truman • August 6, 1945 – Enola Gay – Little Boy – Hiroshima • August 9, 1945 – Box Car – Fat Man – Nagasaki • V-J Day – September 2, 1945 Rebuilding Begins before the war ends • Yalta Conference – – – February 1945 The “Big Three” • – Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin Decisions 1. Stalin would attack Germany when the French invasion took place AND help with Japan after Germany’s defeat 2. Germany would be broken up after the War and Stalin would allow free elections in areas under its influence 3. Create the United Nations Nuremberg War Trials • Held in Germany to try German officials • Many sentenced to death – others went to jail • First time a nations leaders were held responsible for war time actions Occupation of Japan • Led by Mac Arthur • Tried Japanese for war crimes • Mac Arthur helped write a new constitution Positive changes Women’s suffrage Free market – strong economy Democratic government Mac Arthur Constitution SECTION 4 The Home Front Economic Gains • Unemployment • Farmers • women • Population shifts – Housing shortage • Social adjustments – Families – GI Bill of Rights • Discrimination – African-Americans • James Farmer • Congress of Racial Equality – Zoot-Suit Riots • Summer 1943 Japanese Internment • Executive Order 9066 • Korematsu v. United States – 1944 • Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) – President Reagan