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SS8H8 The student will analyze the important events
that occurred after World War I and their impact on
Georgia
• a. Describe the impact of the boll weevil and
drought on Georgia.
• b. Explain economic factors that resulted in the
Great Depression.
• c. Discuss the impact of the political career of
Eugene Talmadge.
• d. Discuss the effect of the New Deal in terms of
the impact of the Civilian Conservation Corps,
Agricultural Adjustment Act, rural electrification,
and Social Security.
The Destruction of King Cotton
a. Describe the impact of the boll weevil and drought on Georgia
• Boll weevil: insect which ate Georgia’s
most important cash crop
• Price of cotton also dropped
• 1924: major drought (period with little or
no rain) hit Georgia
• Georgia farmers did not have the “good
life” that many Americans enjoyed
• Farms closed forcing banks and farmrelated business to close
The Bottom Drops Out
b. Explain economic factors that resulted in the Great Depression
.
• Stock Market: Place where shares of
ownership in corporations (stock) are bought
and sold
• “Black Tuesday” – October 29, 1929: Stock
market prices fall greatly; millions of people
lose all their wealth
• Total losses by end of year: $40 billion
• Example: U.S. Steel was $262 per share –
dropped to $22 per share
• Some stocks worth less than 1¢
Causes of the Depression
b. Explain economic factors that resulted in the Great Depression.
• Many people had borrowed too much money
• Factories produced more goods than they could
sell
• As people and businesses had problems making
money, banks did not get paid for loans
• “Speculation” in the stock market: paying only a
portion of the price of a stock hoping that the value
will go up
• Runs on banks: people were afraid they would
lose their money if it was left in the bank
• laissez-faire: attitude that the economy would fix
itself if left alone
Living Through the Depression
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1932: 13 million unemployed
9,000 banks closed
31 Georgia banks failed
Hoovervilles: named for President Hoover –
shacks where homeless people gathered
• Soup kitchens set up by charities and
governments to feed hungry
• Schools were often forced to close or shorten
schedules
• Georgians were already suffering from economic
problems before Black Tuesday
Easing the Burden
• President Hoover’s plan: government would
buy farmer’s crops to help raise the price
• Plan did not work, but the food and cotton
were used to help the needy
• Another plan was to hire unemployed
people to do work for the government
• Plan did not employ enough people to really
help
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Eugene Talmadge
• A conservative white supremacist
• Became governor in 1933
• Disliked public welfare and tried to rid the state
of the New Deal programs
• Elected to a second term in 1934
• Elected again 1940
• Softened his view on the New Deal and used
modified versions of New Deal legislation
• Tried to interfere with integration of the
University of Georgia and cost Georgia’s white
colleges their accreditation
The New Deal
Discuss the effect of the New Deal
• 1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt elected
president
• New Deal: Roosevelt’s plan to end the
depression
– Examined banks for soundness
– Give jobs to unemployed workers
– Tried to improve American’s lives
• Paved the way for recovery though all
programs did not work
Georgia and the New Deal
• NIRA: National Industrial Recovery Act – set
minimum wage
• Textile mill owners did not like the minimum
wage
• Stretch out: mill owners tried to make workers
work longer, faster, or more tasks
• TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority – Blue Ridge
Lake, Lake Chatuge, Lake Nottley built
• CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps – built many
parks, sewer systems, bridges, etc.
• REA: Rural Electrification Authority – brought
electric power to rural areas
New Deal
• Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC ) 1933 Provided
jobs for young single men building forest trails and
roads, building parks, and planting trees to reforest the
land and control flooding.
• Rural electrification -- The REA loaned over $300
million to farmers’ cooperatives to help them extend their
own power lines and buy power wholesale. This program
was one on the most important and far-reaching of the
New Deal programs. By 1940, a significant percentage
of farmers in Georgia and other parts of the nation had
electricity. Electric water pumps, lights,milking machines,
and appliances made farm life much easier.
New Deal
• Under the Agricultural Adjustment Act, farm
subsidies (grants of money from the
government) went to property owners rather
than to the tenant farmers, who were
predominantly black.
• The Social Security Act was not designed to
provide an income for farm and household
workers, so African Americans working at those
• jobs were not covered.
African Americans During
the New Deal
• Did not benefit from many New Deal
programs
• WPA: Works Public Administration – did
employ many African Americans
• Roosevelt’s “Black Cabinet”: influential
African Americans working with President
Roosevelt:
– Mary McLeod Bethune
– Clark Foreman
– Robert Weaver
– William Hastie
Georgia’s New Deal
Governors
• Richard B. Russell
– Worked to reorganize state government like a successful
business
– Elected to U.S. Senate and served for 38 years
• Eugene Talmadge
– Did not like New Deal programs in Georgia
• Eurith “Ed” Rivers
– Worked with Roosevelt to increase New Deal spending in
Georgia
– Began programs for public housing
– Term ended with corruption problems
Georgia’s New Deal
Governors
• Talmadge re-elected in 1940
– Began to use some New Deal programs
– Used his power as governor to remove state
officials working to integrate Georgia’s state
colleges
• Ellis Arnall
– Reformed Board of Regents and state prisons
– Removed poll tax
– New state constitution
Click to return to Table of Contents.
SS8H9 The student will describe the impact of
World War II on Georgia’s development
economically, socially, and politically.
• a. Describe the impact of events leading up to American
involvement in World War II; include Lend-Lease and the
bombing of Pearl Harbor.
• b. Evaluate the importance of Bell Aircraft, military
bases, the Savannah and Brunswick shipyards, Richard
Russell, and Carl Vinson.
• c. Explain the impact of the Holocaust on Georgians.
• d. Discuss President Roosevelt’s ties to Georgia
including his visits to Warm Springs and his impact on
the state.
The War Begins
• 1938: Hitler’s Germany attacks France to
“take back” land lost in WWI (Rhineland)
• Sent troops to take over Austria,
Czechoslovakia, and Poland
• Great Britain and France declared war
• Soviet Union invaded nearby countries
and agreed to split Poland with Germany
• By 1940, Hitler controlled Denmark,
Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg
and a large part of France and began
bombing Great Britain
A Neutral United States
• Most Americans did not want to get
involved in the war, but Roosevelt wanted
to help Britain
• Hitler turned on Stalin in 1941 and invaded
the Soviet Union
• Lend-lease: policy to lend or lease (rent)
weapons to Great Britain and the Soviet
Union
• American ships began escorting British
ships in convoys
“A Day that Will Live in
Infamy”
• President Roosevelt stopped exports to Japan to
protest its expansion into other countries
• Exports of oil, airplanes, aviation gasoline and
metals were stopped
• The Japanese attacked the U.S. Navy fleet at
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941
• Japan hoped to destroy the fleet giving them
control of the Pacific Ocean
• The USA declared war on Japan
• Allied Powers: USA, Great Britain, Soviet Union
• Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan
American Military Forces
• Millions of Americans enlisted after the
attack on Pearl Harbor
• 330,000 women joined – could not serve
in combat roles
• Segregation in the military kept African
American and white service men in
different units
• Tuskegee Airmen: famous African
American flyers of the Army Air Force
The War in Europe
• 1942-1943: British and American troops won
control of Africa
• 1943: Mussolini overthrown and Italy joined the
Allies
• American general Dwight D. Eisenhower
coordinated plan to recapture Europe
• D-Day: June 6, 1944 – Allied forces land in
northern France
• Early 1945: Germans pushed out of France
• April 1945: Soviet and American troops meet
and Germany surrenders – Hitler commits
suicide
Georgia Loses a Friend
• President Roosevelt visited Georgia often
at his “Little White House” in Warm
Springs
• His polio symptoms were eased in the
mineral springs
• April 24, 1945: President Roosevelt died at
Warm Springs
• Millions of Georgians and Americans
mourned
• Vice President Harry Truman became
president
The War in the Pacific
• 1942: Japan expanded its territory throughout
the Asian Pacific region
• 1945: Allied forces began to retake Japanese
controlled lands
• Japan refused to surrender
• President Truman authorized the use of atomic
bombs to force Japan’s surrender
• Enola Gay: plane that dropped first atomic bomb
on Hiroshima, Japan
• Japan surrendered after a second atomic bomb
dropped on Nagasaki
• Over 50 million people died in the war
Bell Aircraft
• Opened in 1943 in Marietta – largest aircraft
assembly plant in the world
• Assembled bombers for the USAF from 19431945.
• Employed 27,000 people and assembled over
668 planes
• Opened in 1950 as the Lockheed Aircraft
Corporation
• Today is operated by the Lockheed Martin
Corporation
Brunswick and Savannah
Shipyards
• Built the “Liberty ships” essential to war
effort
• Savannah - 88 ships built by 15,000
employees – mostly women
• Brunswick – 99 Liberty ships built by over
16,000 men and women
Richard B. Russell, Jr.
• Became state’s youngest governor on
June 27, 1931
• Created Board of Regents
• Elected to U.S. Senate in 1932
• Supported states’ rights and a strong
national defense
• Co-sponsored a bill to provide school
lunch to all children
Carl Vinson
• Vinson was a major influence in promoting
a strong national defense.
• President Roosevelt and Vinson worked to
increase the country’s military readiness.
• Georgia’s economy had grown to depend
heavily on the state’s military installations,
and Vinson represented Georgia’s interest
in the military through his committee work.
The Holocaust
• The Holocaust: name given to the Nazi
plan to kill all Jewish people
• Auschwitz, Buckenwald, Dachau,
Treblinka, Bergen-Belsen infamous
concentration camps where Jews and
others were executed
• 6 million people killed in the Holocaust
Georgia During World War II
• 320,000 Georgians joined the armed forces –
over 7,000 killed
• Military bases were built in the state which
improved the economy
• Farmers grew needed crops – income tripled for
the average farmer
• Limits were put on the consumption of goods
such as gasoline, meat, butter, and sugar
(rationing)
• Students were encouraged to buy war bonds
and defense stamps to pay for the war
• Victory Garden: small family gardens to make
sure soldiers would have enough food
• POW (prisoner of war) camps in Georgia at
some military bases
The War’s Effects on Society
• Everyone was expected to help in the war
effort
• Women began working in jobs to replace
men who had gone to war
• G.I. Bill: law to help returning soldiers
adapt to civilian life
– Low cost loans for homes or business
– College education opportunities
• Women and African Americans did not
want to go back to the kind of life they had
before the war
Click to return to Table of Contents.
SS8H10 The student will evaluate key postWorld War II developments of Georgia from
1945 to 1970.
• a. Analyze the impact of the transformation of
agriculture on Georgia’s growth.
• b. Explain how the development of Atlanta,
including the roles of mayors William B.
Hartsfield and Ivan Allen, Jr., and major league
sports, contributed to the growth of Georgia.
• c. Discuss the impact of Ellis Arnall.
a. Analyze the impact of the transformation of
agriculture on Georgia’s growth.
• After WWII agriculture was no longer
dominant
• People moved from farms to the city to
work in factories during the war
• Machinery such as tractors and harvesters
replaced labor on farms
• 1940 - 66% rural/farmers; 34% urban
• 1970 – 40% rural/farmers; 60% urban
Industries Move into
Georgia
• Businesses continued to move into the state
• Air conditioning began to be installed
making year round work more comfortable
• Georgia’s low taxes were attractive to
workers and businesses
• Lockheed became largest employer
• CDC: Centers for Disease Control – Atlanta
headquarters established
William B. Hartsfield
• Served 6 terms as mayor of Atlanta
• Best known for making Atlanta the aviation
hub of the Southeast
• A leader in integrating the city of Atlanta
including schools, lunch counters, busses
and golf courses
Ivan Allen
• Atlanta mayor 1962-1970
• Continued Hartsfield’s approach to
peaceful integration
• Took down all “Colored” and “White” signs
in city hall on the day he took office
• Integrated fire department
• Was able to get the Metropolitan Atlanta
Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) in
service
Major League Sports
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1966 – Atlanta Braves
1968 – Atlanta Hawks
1972-1980 – Atlanta Flames (hockey)
1997 – Atlanta Thrashers
These teams have raised the prestige of
the city and generate millions of dollars in
revenue each year
Ellis Arnall
• Made board of regents separate from the
governor’s office
• The Southern Association of Colleges and
Schools (SACS) restored accreditation to
Georgia’s colleges
• Established a board of corrections and a parole
board
• Abolished poll tax
• New constitution in 1945
• First state to grant 18 year olds the right to vote
SS8H11 The student will evaluate the role
of Georgia in the modern civil rights
movement.
• a. Describe major developments in civil rights and Georgia’s role
during the 1940s and 1950s; include the roles of Herman Talmadge,
Benjamin Mays, the 1946 governor’s race and the end of the white
primary, Brown v. Board of Education, Martin Luther King, Jr., and
the 1956 state flag.
• b. Analyze the role Georgia and prominent Georgians played in the
Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and 1970s; include such events
as the founding of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
(SNCC), Sibley Commission, admission of Hamilton Holmes and
Charlayne Hunter to the University of Georgia, Albany Movement,
March on Washington, Civil Rights Act, the election of Maynard
Jackson as mayor of Atlanta, and the role of Lester Maddox.
• c. Discuss the impact of Andrew Young on Georgia.
Herman Talmadge
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•
•
•
Re-elected governor in 1950
Expanded schools to include grades 1-12
Lengthened school year to 9 months
Raised standards for buildings,
equipment, transportation and school
curricula
• 3 percent tax passed to pay for changes
Benjamin Mays
• Educator and president of Morehouse
College
• Mentor to MLK, Jr.
• Chairman of the Atlanta Board of
Education
• Has a street and a high school named in
his honor in southwest Atlanta
1946 Governor’s Race
(The Three Governors Episode)
• Eugene Talmadge was elected but died before
taking office
• Three men claimed the office: Ellis Arnall
(current governor), Herman Talmadge
(Eugene’s son who was chosen by the
legislature based on write-in votes in the
election) and Melvin Thompson (Lt. Governor)
• In March, the Georgia Supreme court ruled that
Melvin Thompson was the rightful head of the
state until a special election could be held in
1948
1956 State Flag
• Many were offended by the Confederate
battle emblem on the flag because of its
references to slavery
• Others felt it was a memorial to the war
dead
• The flag was hurting business and tourism
in the state
• Gov. Roy Barnes changed the flag
• Sonny Perdue promised to change the flag
if elected
End of the White Primary
• The state allowed only white Democrats to vote
in the primary elections (those in which
candidates from each party are chosen)
• This kept blacks from choosing their own
candidates – they were only allowed to vote in
the general election in which there really wasn’t
a choice
• In 1946, the U. S. Supreme Court, Georgia’s
white primary system unconstitution (King V.
Chapman)
The Supreme Court and
Education
• 1948: racial integration ordered in armed
forces
• 1950: Brown v. Board of Education – case
struck down “separate but equal” concept;
schools were to be integrated
• Sibley Commission: found that most
Georgians would rather close schools than
integrate
• More private schools opened
• 1961: Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes
first African American students at UGA
• 1971: All Georgia public schools integrated
Montgomery Bus Boycott
• Dec. 1, 1955: Rosa Parks, African
American, refused to give up her bus
seat to whites in Montgomery, AL
• Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the
NAACP organized civic leaders and
prepared marches
• Supreme court ruled segregation on
public transportation unconstitutional
A Nonviolent Movement is
Born
• Martin Luther King, Jr. of Atlanta
• Developed a nonviolent approach to social
change
• Four-prong approach:
–
–
–
–
direct, nonviolent actions
legal remedies
ballots
economic boycotts
• SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership
Conference – civil rights group led by Dr. King
• Sit-in: Dr. King’s strategy to people refuse to
leave a public building until their demands are
met
The Albany Movement
• 1961: Albany, GA becomes center of civil
rights activity
• SNCC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee – challenged segregated bus
system in Albany
• Nearly 500 people jailed
• Biracial committee formed to study
concerns of African Americans
Protests Move to Alabama
• 1963: Martin Luther King, Jr. begins work to
integrate all aspects of public life in
Birmingham, AL
• Over 3000 people arrested
• Bomb killed 4 black children in their church
• African Americans and whites from the
north and south began to join together to
stop the violence
The Civil Rights Act
• President Kennedy created new civil rights
laws
• Kennedy was assassinated before the new
laws came into effect
• Lyndon Johnson became president and
pushed for passage of the Civil Rights Act
of 1964
• All public facilities had to be integrated
• Discrimination was prohibited in business
and labor unions
The Voting Rights Act
• 1964: Freedom Summer – Martin Luther
King, Jr. and SNCC worked to get African
Americans registered to vote
• Selma-to-Montgomery, AL march led by Dr.
King
• Nearly 30,000 marchers
• Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of
1965 – one million African Americans were
registered to vote
A Shift in Mood
• Some people moved from the nonviolent
strategies to more aggressive ones
• SNCC and “Black Panthers” confronted
police
• Malcolm X preached black separatism
• Race riots in Los Angeles, Detroit, and
Newark
• April 1968: Dr. King assassinated in
Memphis, TN while working with striking
sanitation workers
Atlanta: A Case Study in
Change
• Integration in Atlanta was relatively peaceful
• Church leaders get much credit for this peaceful
change
• William Hartsfield: Atlanta mayor who expanded
Atlanta’s airport and worked with African
American and white leaders; worked to integrate
Atlanta’s schools
• Ivan Allen: Atlanta mayor ordered removal of
“white” and “colored” segregation signs in the City
Hall; integrated police and fire services and city
government
• Troubled times followed but were overcome
• The city became known as “the city too busy to
hate”
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Lester Maddox
• Elected governor 1967
• Segregationist who surprised everyone by
appointing more blacks to state boards
and commissions than all prior governors
combined
SS8H12 The student will explain the
importance of significant social, economic, and
political developments in Georgia since 1970.
• a. Evaluate the consequences of the end of the county
unit system and reapportionment.
• b. Describe the role of Jimmy Carter in Georgia as state
senator, governor, president, and past president.
• c. Analyze the impact of the rise of the two-party system
in Georgia.
• d. Evaluate the effect of the 1996 Olympic Games on
Georgia.
• e. Evaluate the importance of new immigrant
communities to the growth and economy of Georgia.
County Unit System
• Designed to give voting power to rural
areas even though most of the population
growth was in urban areas
• In April 1962, it was ruled unconstitutional
which shifted political power from sparsely
populated rural areas to the more
populated urban areas allowing black
populations equal opportunity in electing
representatives
Reapportionment
• One-person, one-vote concept
• Wesberry v. Sanders – U.S. Supreme
Court ruled that legislative districts should
depend on population and not county
boundary lines
• The Georgia General Assembly had to
reapportion (redraw) its Congressional
voting districts to ensure that the districts
were of equal population sizes
Jimmy Carter
• 1962 – Georgia Senate
• 1970 – Governor – cut executive agencies from
300 to 25, reformed judge selection process,
equalized public school funding, expanded
special ed. and vocational ed., pre-school and
mental health services
• 1976 – President – national energy policy, major
civil service reform, created Dept. of Education,
negotiated the 1978 Camp David Peace Accords
between Israel and Egypt, withdrew America
from the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow
after Russia invaded Afghanistan
Rise of the Two-Party System
• Shift during 1980s and 1990s
• Georgians started electing more and more
Republicans to national offices while still
election Democrats to state offices
• 2002 - Sonny Perdue was the first
Republican governor since
Reconstruction; however, Democrats
maintained control of the Georgia General
Assembly
Georgia Hosts the Olympics
• Summer 1996: Atlanta hosted XXVI Olympiad
• 10,000 athletes from 197 countries
• 90,000 volunteers in Atlanta and other Georgia
cities and locations
• Brought international attention to the city and state
• July 29, 1996: Bomb in Olympic Park killed one
visitor and injured 117
• Traffic problems brought much criticism
• Too many street vendors and commercialism were
other concerns
• “Southern hospitality” and athletic competition
were noteworthy
Click to return to Table of Contents.
1996 Olympic Games
• Four major benefits:
• 1. Millions of dollars spent on world-class
competition facilities (stadium, horse park,
etc)
• 2. International recognition
• 3. Volunteer, educational, and training
programs, as well as, thousands of
employment opportunities
• 4. Brought millions of dollars to Georgia
Immigrants
• Dalton – Carpet industry attracts many
immigrants from Mexico and Latin America
countries
• Hall Co. (Gainesville) – Poultry Industry
• South Georgia – Vidalia Onion industry
attracts migrant workers
• Many ethnic businesses and churches are
operated in these areas