Transcript Chapter 16: World War II

CHAPTER 16: WORLD WAR II
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ISOLATIONISM
•
International conflicts in mid 1930s
•
Most Americans do not want to be involved
•
1928 – U.S. had signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact -> signed by 62 nations -> war will not be
used -> no plan to enforce it
•
Thomas Jefferson had warned of “entangling alliances” or being involved in the affairs of
other countries
•
Many Americans were fearful of all foreign elements
• Jews
• Catholics
• immigrants
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AMERICANS WERE UPSET ABOUT WWI
•
Books are published stating the U.S. had been dragged into war by greedy bankers and
weapons manufacturers
•
Congressional committee led by Senator Gerald Nye -> shows large profits made during
WWI
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QUESTION
•
What factors contributed to Americans’ growing isolationism?
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ANSWER
•
Large profits had been made by banks and weapon industry during WWI
•
Bitter about being in that war
•
Hatred of the military
•
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FDR’S FOREIGN POLICY
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1933 – FDR is a friendly president
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Recognizes the Soviet Union in 1933 and exchanges ambassadors
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Good Neighbor Policy – no intervention in Latin America
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Withdrew armed forces in L. America
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1934 – reduces tariffs
•
1935 – Congress passes the NEUTRALITY ACTS
• U.S. could not sell weapons or give loans to nations in war
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JOURNAL
•
When do you think it is right for the U.S. to enter a war? Why?
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JOURNAL
• Do you think the U.S. would have entered World War II
if Pearl Harbor had not been attacked? Why or why
not?
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CHAPTER 17
• The United States in WWII
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SECTION 1: MOBILIZING FOR DEFENSE
• Japan Times says America is “trembling in her shoes”
• 5 million volunteer for military service
• Selective Service Act provides 10 million soldiers
• Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) – women
volunteers serve in non-combat positions
• Pilots, ambulance drivers, electricians
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WHAT ABOUT DISCRIMINATION?
• “Here lies a black man killed fighting a yellow man for
the protection of a white man”
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DISCRIMINATION IN MILITARY
• 300,000 Mexican-Americans join the military
• 1 million African Americans in segregated units > no combat until 1943
• 33,000 Japanese Americans
• 25,000 Native Americans
• Chinese cannot become naturalized citizens
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A PRODUCTION MIRACLE
• Factories are converted for war production
• Car plants now make tanks, planes, boats
•
Henry Kaiser’s shipyards made a ship each day by 1945
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CONTRIBUTION OF THE WORKERS
• Men are fighting
• 6 million women enter the workforce
• No problem operating welding torches
or riveting guns
• Paid 60% of what men earn
• Minorities are also not hired at first
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A. PHILIP RANDOLPH
• Most respected African American labor leader organizes a
march on Washington D.C. 1941
• Demands: “The right to work and fight for our country.”
• March is cancelled after FDR issues executive order making
discrimination in defense industries illegal
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HOW DID WWII END THE GREAT DEPRESSION?
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MOBILIZATION OF SCIENTISTS
• 1941 – FDR creates the Office of Scientific Research
and Development (OSRD) -> leads to better radar + sonar,
pesticides, penicillin
• Secret development of the atomic bomb – German scientists
(Albert Einstein) split uranium atoms -> release enormous
amounts of energy
• FDR starts intensive program to build an atomic bomb in 1942 =
Manhattan Project
•
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THE FEDERAL GOVT. TAKES CONTROL
• Office of Price Administration
(OPA) – freezes prices so that
the price of goods does not
increase drastically
• Higher taxes + war bonds
keep inflation in check
• War Production Board (WPB)
– decides companies that will
convert to war production
• Rationing – families are only
allowed to purchase small
quantities of scarce goods
(meat, sugar, coffee, gasoline)
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QUESTIONS SECTION 1
•
How did each of the following contribute to the war effort?
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1. Selective Service Act
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2. Woman
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3. Minorities
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4. Manufacturers
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5. A. Philip Randolph
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6. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD)
•
7. Office of Price Administration (OPA)
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8. War Production Board (WPB)
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9. Rationing
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SECTION 2: THE WAR FOR EUROPE AND NORTH
AFRICA
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THE UNITED STATES AND BRITAIN JOIN FORCES
• Churchill (British PM) and
FDR meet at the White House
Dec. 22, 1941 -> America will
fight Hitler first
• German subs destroy
American supply ships off the
Atlantic coast
• Convoy system led by
destroyers with sonar
• By 1943 Allies have the upper
hand
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THE EASTERN FRONT AND THE
MEDITERRANEAN
• Hitler wants to destroy Stalingrad, a major Russian industrial
center
• Soviets counterattack during the winter
• 1,100,000 Russian soldiers die but German troops surrender
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THE NORTH AFRICAN FRONT
• Churchill and FDR decided to attack Axis-controlled North Africa
• Operation Torch is led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower
• They defeat General Erwin Rommel and Germans surrender in
N. Africa
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THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN
• Sicily is captured in 1943
• Dictator Benito Mussolini is forced to resign
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HEROES IN COMBAT
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THE ALLIES LIBERATE EUROPE
• American General Dwight D. Eisenhower leads 3 million Allied
troops into Normandy, France
• D-Day – June 6, 1944
• General George Patton and Omar Bradley lead Allied troops in
France
• Sept. 1944 – France is liberated
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THE BATTLE OF THE BULGE
• Americans capture German town, Aachen
• German tanks drive 60 miles into Allied territory in Belgium –
hoping to create a bulge in the Allied line
• Germans lose 120,000 troops and have to retreat
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END OF WAR IN EUROPE
• Soviets reach Nazi death camps in July 1944
• April 1945 – Soviets storm Berlin
• Hitler shoots himself in his bunker
• A week later General Eisenhower accepts unconditional
surrender of the Third Reich
• May 8, 1945 – V-E Day (Victory in Europe day)
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SECTION 3: THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC
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HOW DIFFERENT WOULD IT BE TO FIGHT A WAR
IN JAPAN RATHER THAN IN EUROPE?
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THE ALLIES STOP THE JAPANESE TIDE
• 80,000 American and Filipino troops fight Japanese at Bataan,
Philippines and Japanese win (March. 1942)
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THE ALLIES STOP THE JAPANESE TIDE
• April 1942 - Allies bomb Tokyo
• Lifts American spirits
• Battle of Coral Sea –
Japanese are stopped by
Allies (Australia + U.S.)
• Admiral Chester Nimitz leads
Allies in successfully
defending island of Midway
(northwest of Hawaii)
• Island hopping campaign
begins – Allies move closer to
Japan
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THE ALLIES GO ON THE OFFENSIVE
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THE ALLIES GO ON THE OFFENSIVE
• Allies take Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands
• Kamikazes, suicide planes, are used in Battle of Leyte Gulf
(Philippines)
• 424 kamikaze pilots sink 16 American ships in the Philippines but still
lose
• Allies go into island of Iwo Jima – 200 of 20,700 Japanese survive
• April 1945 – U.S. Marines invade island of Okinawa
• 7,600 Americans die
• 110,000 Japanese
• Two generals commit ritual suicide
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RAISING THE FLAG ON IWO JIMA
• 1. Why do you think this
image became so
important?
• 2. What human qualities do
you think this photograph
symbolizes?
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TO INVADE OR NOT INVADE JAPAN
• Japan still has a large army
• Passionate soldiers
• Manhattan Project led by
American J. Robert
Oppenheimer
• Atomic bomb is tested in New
Mexico (June, 1945)
• July 1945 – Truman orders
military to make plans to drop
two atomic bombs
• Tells Japan to surrender
• They do not so bombs are
dropped
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HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI
• August 6, 1945 - B-29 bomber (Enola Gay) drops atomic bomb
(“Little Boy”) over Hiroshima
• August 9, 1945 – “Fat Man” is dropped on Nagasaki
• 200,000 die from injuries or radiation later in the year
• Japan formally surrenders on Sept. 2, 1945
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VIDEO CLIPS
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http://vimeo.com/1476520 - Fort Minor
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http://www.densho.org/assets/sharedpages/primarysource/primarysource.asp?id=403&dis
play_format=4&section=archive&text=1&mediaType=video – volunteering for military
service
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http://www.densho.org/assets/sharedpages/primarysource/primarysource.asp?id=184&dis
play_format=4&section=archive&text=1&mediaType=video – racist news papers
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http://www.densho.org/assets/sharedpages/primarysource/primarysource.asp?id=461&dis
play_format=4&section=archive&text=1&mediaType=video – farm land
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http://www.densho.org/assets/sharedpages/primarysource/primarysource.asp?id=424&dis
play_format=4&section=archive&text=1&mediaType=video – meat and food
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JOURNAL
• 1. Write down three new facts or ides you learned from the
video clips.
• 2. If you were the President of the U.S. in 1942 would you have
treated people of Japanese decent differently or the same?
Why?
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SECTION 4: THE HOME FRONT
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OPPORTUNITY AND ADJUSTMENT
• Unemployment falls to a
low of 1.2 percent in 1944
• Average weekly pay goes
up 10 percent
• Farmers could pay off
mortgages
• 6 million women enter
workforce – defense
industries and journalism
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OPPORTUNITY AND ADJUSTMENT
• A million people move to California (1941-1944)
• Over a million African Americans moved to northern cities
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OPPORTUNITY AND ADJUSTMENT
• More children in day cares and juvenile detention
• High school sweethearts marry before the soldiers leave
• 1944 – GI Bill of Rights (Servicemen’s Readjustment Act) – free
education, training, loans for veterans
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DISCRIMINATION AND REACTION
• More African Americans gain skilled jobs in Midwestern cities
• 1942 – Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) is founded by
James Farmer and stages its first sit-in a segregated Chicago
restaurant
• Racial violence in Detroit
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TENSION IN LOS ANGELES
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HsFN2fMLL-s
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