Transcript Korematsu v. US - Calhoun City Schools

I. Harding and 20s politics
 Weak President;
“amiable boob”
 Hoover and Mellon
policies: tax cuts, credit
buying for consumer
goods
 High tariff, weak ICC
Bad side of Harding years
 Unions membership
down; Farmers lost war
markets, gained debt
 Scandal: Attorney
General Daugherty sold
liquor permits
 Interior Sec. Fall bribed
sold oil reserves in
Teapot Dome, Wyoming
Post war treaties
 Kellogg – Briand Pact – agreement not to make war.
Describe
Harding
Economic advisors
Economic policies
Unions
Farmers
4 power
5 power
9 power
scandals
I. Coolidge
 Harding died 1923 of
pneumonia, stress?
 “Silent” Calvin Coolidge
– rural Vermont; old
virtues
 “America’s business is
business; man who
builds a factory builds a
temple”
Election of 1924
 GOP – “Keep Cool with
Coolidge” won
 Demo divisions –
urban/rural, wet/dry, n/s,
immigrants/racists –
corporate lawyer John
Davis
 Progressives – Fighting
Bob Lafollette of
Wisconsin – govt rr, aid for
farmers, prolabor
antimonopoly
Foreign policy
 Isolationism and Latin
 US owed $16b after WWI
 Allies demanded
reparations, $32b;
Germany printed money,
loaf of bread $120m
 US loaned $ to Germany
review
 What happened to Harding?
 Who was the next President? What kind of fella?
 What problems did Democrats have in 1924? Whom
did they nominate?
 Did anyone else run? What party?
 How would you describe 20s foreign policy?
 What was odd about debt repayments?
II. Hoover
 1928 Coolidge: “I choose
not to run.”
 GOP nominated Hoover:
humanitarian, rags to
riches, shy, rugged
individualism
 Demos nominated wet
NY Irish Catholic Al
Smith, the “Happy
Warrior” : vote for Smith
is vote for pope
prosperity
 Agricultural Marketing
Act – lend money to
support cooperatives
 Hawley-Smoot Tariff –
highest in history – 60%,
hurt world trade
Crash
 Causes: speculation,
buying on margin
 Black Tuesday Oct 29,
1929
 $40b lost in two months
 12m unemployed, 5,000
bank failures: “for
sleeping or jumping”
review
 What kind of guy was Hoover? Smith?
 What hurt Smith in the campaign?
 What was Hoover’s politics?
 Who was struggling in the 20s?
 What did Hoover do for farmers?
 What the heck happened with the tariff?
 When did the Stock Market Crash? Why?
III. Depression
 Causes: world trade,
inequality, crash, credit
buying, (ticc)
 Soup kitchens,
breadlines, apple sellers,
Hoovervilles, bank runs
 ¼ unemployment, 60%
malnutrition, 5000
banks closed
 Penny auctions
Hoover’s response
 Quoted Cleveland:
“people support govt…”
 State/local/charities
overwhelmed; Hoover
tried to help business –
RFC; fed pigs not people
 Hoover Dam on
Colorado River
End of Hoover
 Bonus (BEF) army, 2 days
of riots attacked by
MacArthur with
bayonets and tear gas
 Japan attacked
Manchuria, no Open
Door
 League didn’t act; no US
review
 Name 4 causes of the Depression
 Describe life in the Depression
 What did Hoover do about the Depression? Why?
 Who did Hoover help?
 What did Japan invade?
 What did the League of Nations do? Why?
IV. FDR’s New Deal
 FDR’s polio – strong and
compassionate, smoothtalking “traitor to his
class.”
 Eleanor – his conscience;
straddled aisle at
segregated meeting
 Convention speech: “I
pledge a new deal for the
American people”
His ideas
 Brain trust wrote
speeches
 “Happy Days are Here
Again” – more optimistic
than Hoover, who only
got 6 states
 Blacks to Democrats
 Inaugural “only thing we
have to fear is fear itself”
3 r’s of the New Deal
 Banking Holiday – stop
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runs
Hundred Days – many
laws/try anything,
usually progressive
1. relief – ease suffering
2. recovery – end
Depression
3. reform – no more
Depressions
review
 What sort of guy was Roosevelt?
 What role did Eleanor play?
 What did FDR promise at the convention?
 How was he better than Hoover?
 How did the black vote change?
 What should we fear?
 What were the 3 r’s of the New Deal?
 How fast were many laws passed?
I. laws
 Glass-Steagall FDIC –
insures bank deposits
 No gold standard –
inflation, gold used
internationally later
 CCC – young men
conservation –
reforestation,
firefighting, flood
control, swamp drainage
More laws
 FERA – Harry Hopkins -
$3b to states
 AAA – pay farmers not to
farm; declared
unconstitutional; 2nd
1938
 HOLC – Home Owners
Loan Corporation
 CWA – temporary jobs,
make-work;
boondoggling
demagogues
 Father Coughlin – social
justice, anti-semitic
 Huey Long – “Share Our
Wealth,” “Every Man a
King;” assassinated 1935
 Charles Townsend –
pensions, $200/month,
gotta spend
review
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FDIC
CCC
FERA
Harry Hopkins
AAA
HOLC
CWA
Huey Long
Father Couglin
Francis Townsend
II. More laws
 WPA – Hopkins; public
works: bridges, buildings,
roads, art and writing
projects– 9m jobs
 NRA – National Recovery
Administration – min.
wage, max hrs, collective
bargaining, blue eagle;
declared unconst. In
Schecter case
And more laws
 PWA – public works act;
Interior Sec. Harold
Ickes – recovery
 34,000 buildings,
highways, parkways
 21st amendment – tax $,
good Demo politics
Impersonal forces
 Dust Bowl – Dust
Storms; Okies/Arkies,
Grapes of Wrath; Soil
conservation Act – plant
soybeans or nothing
 Indian Reorg Act 1934 –
bring back tribes
 SEC – Securities and
Exchange Commission –
regulate stock market
Whole buncha laws
 FDIC
 WPA
 CCC
 PWA
 FERA
 Soil Conservation Act
 HOLC
 Indian Reorg. Act
 CWA
 SEC
 3 demagogues
 NRA
 AAA
III. And more laws
 TVA – Tennessee Valley
Authority – cheap power
and jobs in SE;
 FHA – Federal Housing
Administration – loans
for housing; still exists
 SSA – Social Security –
pensions,
unemployment,
disability
Labor friendly government
 Wagner Act (NLRA) set up
the NLRB – protected
collective bargaining.
 John Lewis led CIO –
Congress of Industrial
Organization – used sitdown strike for unskilled
workers; no scabs
 Fair Labor Standards Act –
40 hr week, 40 cents/hr, no
child labor, for most
A little Social Security humor 
politics
 FDR dominated Alf
Landon, 1936, 523 to 8
(MN and VT), took office
in Jan (20th am.); Literary
Digest mistake
 Court-packing – FDR
proposed adding 6
justices, to help those
over 70: “switch in time
that saved 9” – Owen
Roberts
review
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TVA
SSA
FHA
CIO
Wagner Act
NLRA
NLRB
Fair Labor Standards Act
1936 election
Court-packing
“switch in time that saved 9
I. End of New Deal
 Unemployment still 15% after
much pump priming
 Keynesianism – deficit
spending to stimulate
economy
 1937 inaugural (don’t write):
“I see 1/3 of a nation illhoused, ill-clad, illnourished…The test of our
progress is not whether we
add more to the abundance
of those who have much; it is
whether we provide enough
for those who have too little.”
A little Keynsian humor
criticism
 Condemned as “alphabet
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soup” and Jewish.
Federal government the
largest business in U.S.
Debt doubled
Undermined work ethic
Still a depression
No civil rights
FDR’s defense
 Govt prevented mass
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hunger and starvation
More equality
Self-respect for those
helped
Saved free enterprise
Hamiltonian means for
Jeffersonian ends
review
 How much unemployment?
 John Maynard Keynes
 Keynesianism
 Pump-priming
 Criticisms
 Defenses
 Explain: “Hamiltonian means for Jeffersonian ends”
I. FDR’s foreign policy
 US withdrew from
London conference,
fearing loss of control
over currency
 Tydings-McDuffie Act
1934: Phillipine
independence in 12 years
 Recognized Soviet Union
Improving relations
 Good Neighbor policy to
Latin America: troops
out of Haiti, stayed out
of Cuba, didn’t retaliate
for Mexican oil
nationalization.
 Reciprocal trade
agreement: lowered
tariff on 21 countries who
did the same.
Ignoring Dictators
 Nazi Germany rearmed,
Japan built up navy, and
Italy invaded Ethiopia
without consequence.
 Neutrality Acts: No
American could sail on
belligerent ship, sell
munitions or make loan
to belligerent.
review
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London Conference
Good neighbor
Haiti
Cuba
Mexico
Tydings McDuffie
Soviet Union
Reciprocal trade
Nazis
Fascists
Japan
Neutrality Acts
II. Appeasement
 Francisco Franco’s
Fascists defeated Spanish
Loyalists because he got
more help from outside
forces.
 Japan invaded China
 Germany armed
Rhineland, began
Holocaust, and occupied
Austria.
Munich
 Hitler demanded
Sudetenland; meeting at
Munich.
 Britain’s Chamberlain:
“peace in our time” when
Hitler promised
Sudetenland “is the last
territorial claim” and
invaded Czechoslovakia
6 months later.
WWII
 Aug 1939 Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression Pact.
 Britain and France
declared war when
Nazis invaded Poland
Sep 1., 1939.
 US aided Britain thru
“cash and carry” policy.
FDR and Holocaust
 US allowed in more Jews
than any other country
prior to war.
 Jews hit quota; nativists
might have shut down
immigration altogether.
 US wouldn’t bomb rail
lines or Auschwitz itself
in 1944 prior to D-Day.
review
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Spanish Civil War
China
Rhineland
Austria
Sudetenland
Appeasement/Munich
Czechoslovakia
Nazi-Soviet nonaggression Pact
Cash and carry
US complicity in Holocaust
III. The fighting
 Poland fell to German
“Blitzkrieg” in three
months, followed by
“sitzkrieg” – no action.
 Hitler then took France
in less than a month;
British soldiers escaped
at Dunkirk
Preparing for war
 $37b to mobilize, 2m man
conscription.
 Isolationists, led by
Lindbergh, battled
interventionists during the
Battle of Britain between
R.A.F. and Luftwaffe
 Unneutral FDR destroyer
deal: 50 old destroyers for
Br. Bases, no Cong.
approval
Big changes
 FDR beat liberal
Republican Wendell
Wilkie for a 3rd term in
1940, 449-82.
 Lend-lease – war bill
1776; “garden hose,”
“guns not sons,” “billions
not bodies,” US as
“arsenal of democracy”
$50b.
review
 Blitzkrieg
 Sitzkrieg
 Dunkirk
 Conscription
 Destroyer deal
 Third term
 Lend-lease
IV. 1941
 Germany attacked USSR
June 1941; $11b lend-lease
sent; army and winter
stopped Hitler.
 Atlantic Charter –
Churchill and FDR –
self-determination, selfgovernment, collective
security; supported by
Stalin but not
isolationists
convoys
 US destroyers convoyed
lend-lease ships as far as
Iceland.
 Nazis shot at Kearny;
sunk the Reuben James
 Congress ended
neutrality 1939
Pearl Harbor
 To get Japan out of China,
US embargo on steel, scrap
iron, oil, jet fuel; knew war
was coming.
 Expected attack in
Philippines or Malaya, not
Pearl Harbor.
 PH December 7, 1941, “date
which will live in infamy:”
3000 casualties, 8
battleships, but no aircraft
carriers
review
 USSR
 Lend-lease
 Atlantic Charter
 Convoy
 Kearny, Reuben James
 Embargo
 Pearl Harbor
I. Fighting the war
 Get Germany First, then
combine forces against
Japan.
 US race to mobilize
before Br and USSR lost,
and to develop bomb
before Germans.
unity
 Well-settled immigrants
were firmly behind the
war effort.
 Japanese-Americans put
in internment camps;
upheld in Korematsu v.
U.S.
 Reparations 1988
War production
 War ended New Deal
and Depression; income
doubled but inflation
feared
 War cost $330b; 2x
federal spending since
1776
 Maximum tax rate 90%;
debt went up 500%
review
 Why Germany first?
 What two things did the US have to hurry to do?
 Which immigrants did well and struggled?
 What was set up for Japanese? What court case?
 What was done in 1988 for Japanese descendants?
 How did the war affect the Depression and the New
Deal?
 Why did the United Mine Workers strike?
II. Americans during the war
 15m men - GIs, 216,000
women – WAACS
 Braceros – Mexican farm
workers
 6m women factory
workers – “Rosie the
Riveter” – but less than
in GBR and USSR – baby
boom after war
Civil rights
 A. Phillip Randolph
march
 FDR executive order
defense industries
 Double V – victory over
dictators abroad and
racism at home
 Mechanical cotton
picker; by 1970 ½ of
blacks lived outside
South
others
 Natives left reservations
 Navajo and Comanche
Code talkers
 Zoot Suit riots
 United Mine Workers
struck against wage
ceilings, but few other
strikes
match
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1. WAACs
2. 15 million
3. Rosie the Riveter
4. Braceros
5. Zoot Suit riots
6. A. Philip Randolph
7. FDR executive order
8. Double V
9. Code Talkers
10. United Mine Workers
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1. strike ag. Wage ceilings
2. Mexicans v. sailors
3. women in army
4. Navajo, Comanche
5. women factory worker
6. march on Washington
7. Gis
8. no defense
discrimination
 9. victory over dictators
and racism
 10. Mexican farm workers
III. Fighting
 Japan took Malaya,
Guam, the Phillipines,
and Corregidor
 MacArthur: “I shall
return;” Bataan Death
March
 Coral Sea first US win;
fought by aircraft
carriers
winning
 Midway – turning point
against Japan – Admiral
Nimitz
 MacArthur island
hopping strategy after
Guadalcanal; 10:1
casualty ratio
 Capture of Marianas
allowed bombing runs of
Japan
Fighting Hitler
 Sub “wolfpacks” sank
ships faster than
construction; radar
helped defeat.
 Rommel defeated in
North Africa
 Soviets won at Stalingrad
 Second Front came
through Italy
Beating Hitler
 Casablanca:
unconditional surrender;
Italy did but Germany
kept fighting.
 Teheran – D-day
planned
 June 6, 1944 – D-Day
planned by Eisenhower
 “Blood and Guts” Patton
pushed across France
match
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1. Bataan death march
2. Coral Sea
3. Midway
4. Island hopping
5. MacArthur
6. Wolfpacks
7. Rommel
8. Italy
9. D-day
10. Eisenhower
11. Patton
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1. crazy American general
2. planned D-Day
3. Pacific American general
4. 1st defeat of Japan
5. turning point against Japan
6. defeated by sonar
7. German defeated in N. Africa
8. “soft underbelly,” surrendered
first
 9. June 6, 1944 2nd Front
 10. Americans captured in
Phillipines
 11. strategy against Japan
IV. Ending the war
 1944 FDR dropped
Henry Wallace for
Truman
 Defeated 42 year old NY
Gov. Dewey 432-99; CIO
support & was winning
the war
VE Day
 Battle of Bulge: Hitler’s
last attack: “Nuts” at
surrender command.
 US/USSR troops met,
discovered extent of
Holocaust
 FDR dead April 12, 1945;
Hitler suicide April 30,
1945
 May 8 VE Day
VJ Day – Sep 2, 1945
 Tokyo firebombed – 83,000
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deaths
Iwo Jima and Okinawa –
esp. bloody fighting;
kamikazes
Potsdam: Truman Stalin,
ultimatum, a-bomb
Manhattan project $2b in
New Mexico
Truman: atomic bomb
saved lives; Hirohito stayed
match
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1. Harry Truman
2. Gov. Dewey
3. Battle of Bulge
4. 2 deaths
5. VE Day
6. Tokyo
7. Iwo Jima, Okinawa
8. Manhattan Project
9. Potsdam
10. Atomic bomb rationale
11. VJ Day
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1. Victory in Europe
2. Victory in Japan
3. defeated by FDR in 1944
4. FDR’s new VP
5. firebombed
6. bloody island fighting
7. save American lives
8. ultimatum to Japan
9. Hitler’s last stand
10. a-bomb secret project
11. FDR and Hitler
I. Postwar
 Fears of unemployed
GIs, unions.
 Taft-Hartley Act
outlawed closed shop,
required noncommunist
oath.
 GI Bill paid for veterans’
college, created VA for
home, business loans
Ec. boom
 Income doubled in 50s
and almost again in 60s;
6% pop, 40% wealth.
 60% middle class in 50s,
a doubling. 60% owned
homes; 90% tvs
 Many new service jobs
for women.
Why the boom?
 1. military spending –
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10% of GNP
2. cheap oil from Middle
East.
3. rising productivity,
esp. farmers
4. rising education 90%
kids in school; ½ in 1900
(more or mope – military
oil productivity
education)
review
 What two groups were feared after the war?
 What did Taft-Hartley do?
 What did the GI Bill do?
 Describe economic gains.
 Give 4 reasons for the boom (more or mope)
II. changes
 30m people moving per
year; Dr. Spock and other
advice books instead of
Grandma.
 Sunbelt (S/SW) boomed
– climate, jobs, low
taxes, mil. spending; 35m
in California today
Suburbs and white flight
 FHA and VA loans,
interstate helped people
to mass produced tract
house suburbs;
Levittown first; car
boom.
 Businesses fled cities;
loans denied minorities;
builders and real estate
followed racial
composition rule
Baby boom
 Marriage boom 1st; 50m
babies in 50s, followed
by birth dearth;
immigration replaces
population today
 Schools built, then
hippies, yuppies,
retirement
review
 How many moved per year? To where?
 Who was Dr. Spock?
 Explain marriage boom baby boom birth dearth
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pattern?
What policies encouraged the rise of the suburbs?
What was white flight?
How were the cities impacted?
How did the baby boom affect society through the
years?
III. Truman and the Cold War
 Big 3 at Yalta:
 1. German occupation
zones
 2. free elections in
Poland, Bulgaria,
Romania
 3. Chinese concessions to
USSR
 “moon and the stars,”
“Give’em Hell Harry,”
“the buck stops here.”
Cold War: US-USSR stand-off,
1945-1990
US
USSR
 freedom
 equality
 Democracy
 Dictatorship
 Capitalist
 Communist
 Expansionist: wanted open
 Expansionist: wanted
world
 Wary after appeasement
“sphere of influence” or world
revolution
 Resented slow second front
events
 IMF, World Bank, and
UN created (Senate
approved 89-2)
 UN Security Council –
Big 5 get veto
 Israel created
review
 Describe Truman
 List 3 agreements made at Yalta
 What was the Cold War
 List 5 differences between the US and Soviet Union.
 Explain 3 world institutions created after WWII.
 How did the Security Council appeal to strong
nations?
 What country was created?
IV. Cold War events
 Nuremburg Trials – 12
Nazis hung
 Berlin blockade and
airlift
 Iron curtain – Churchill
speech – E. and W.
Germany
Containment: 1947
 George Kennan –
prevent spread of
communism
 Truman Doctrine $400m to Greece and
Turkey to “resist armed
subjugation.”
 Marshall Plan - $14b to
W. Europe, offered
conditionally to USSR
Military strategy
 Defense Dept. created
1947 with Pentagon
headquarters.
 NSC, CIA
 NATO – North Atlantic
Treaty Organization,
1949
match
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Nuremburg
Berlin
Iron curtain
Containment
Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
Defense Dept.
NSC
CIA
NATO
V. Asia
 7 Japanese war criminals
hung
 MacArthur created
Japan’s constitution; no
military, ec. Miracle
 1949 Mao Zedong and
Chinese Communists
defeated Jiang Jieshi and
Nationalists, who fled to
Taiwan
Arms race
 1949 Soviet A-bomb
 Truman pushed h-bomb,
over opposition of
Einstein, Oppenheimer
 1952-US; 1953-USSR
 Dennis v. U.S. – 11
communists convicted of
violating antisedition
law
Cold War politics
 House Un-American
Activities Committee –
HUAC – Nixon sent Hiss to
prison
 Rosenburgs executed for
espionage 1953
 Election of 1948:
Southerners and
Progressives abandoned
Truman, who won by
attacking “ do-nothing
Republican Congress.”
Korean War, 1950-1953
 1. N. Korea attacked
 2. UN (US) pushed back,
Inchon landing
 3. China pushed back,
Yalu River; MacArthur
fired
 4. stalemate
 NSC 68 – military
spending quadrupled
match
 Japanese constitution
 Stalemate
 Mao Zedong
 No military
 H-bomb
 1948 mistaken headline
 Rosenburgs
 Einstein objected
 Nixon v. Hiss
 House Un-American
 Dewey beats Truman
Affairs Committee
 Chinese Communist
 Executed for espionage
 Korean War